Babban kwatance juyin halitta. A ci gaba da tsire-tsire da dabbobi

The asalin rayuwa da ta ci gaba tun daga lokacin da ruxani masana kimiyya. Mutane sun yaushe kokarin kusanci wadannan asirai, don duniya, ta haka ne mafi m da ake iya faɗi. Mutane da yawa ƙarni mamaye ra'ayi na allahntaka asalin halittu da kuma rayuwa. Ka'idar juyin halitta kuma lashe wani wuri na girmamawa da babbar kuma mafi m versions na duk rayuwa a wannan duniyar tamu kwanan nan. Babban arziki tsara by Charles Darwin a tsakiyar XIX karni. A tarzomar karni ya ba da duniya mai yawa binciken a halittar jini da kuma ilmin halitta, wanda sanya shi yiwuwa a tabbatar da inganci na ka'idar Darwin, fadada shi, a hade tare da sabon data. Saboda haka wani roba ka'idar juyin halitta. Yana tunawa duk ideas daga cikin shahararrun Explorer da sakamakon binciken kimiyya a fannoni daban daban daga jinsi zuwa da lafiyar qasa.

Daga mutane zuwa aji

Halittu juyin wakiltar tarihi da ci gaba da kwayoyin dangane da musamman kwayoyin bayanai aiwatar aiki a wasu yanayin.

A can farko na canji, ƙarshe manyan zuwa fitowan da wani sabon irin - shi ne microevolution. Irin wannan canje-canje tara a kan lokaci da kuma kawo karshen sama da kafa wani sabon mataki na kungiyar masu rai, HALITTAR, iyali, aji. Ilimi sama-Tsarin ake kira Ba'a.

irin wannan tafiyar matakai

Dukansu matakan ne m guda kwarara. A tuki da kuma sojojin micro- da makroizmeneny ne zabin halitta ', kadaici, gadar hali, bambancin. A muhimmanci bambanci tsakanin biyu matakai ne cewa tsakanin jinsuna daban shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba mararraba. A sakamakon haka, tushen Ba'a ne interspecific selection. Microevolution babban taimako ga yin 'yancin na musayar kayyade bayanai tsakanin mutane da wannan nau'in.

A haduwa da kuma bambanta rarrabuwar halaye

Babban kwatance juyin halitta zai iya faruwa a dama siffofin. Iko tushen bambancin da rai - wata ãyã daga cikin bambanta rarrabuwar. Yana aiki ne a musamman jinsunan, kuma a mafi girma matakan da kungiyar. muhalli da yanayi da zabin take kaiwa zuwa rabuwa da daya kungiyar na biyu ko fiye daban-daban musamman fasali. A matakin na jinsunan bambanta rarrabuwar za a iya juyawa. A wannan yanayin, da sabuwar kafa alƙarya ci a cikin daya. A mafi girma matakan, da tsari ne babu ja.

Wani nau'i - phyletic juyin halitta, bayar da shawara jinsunan canji ba tare da kadaici a ciki da mutum alƙarya. Kowane sabon rukuni ne zuriyar baya da kuma m m.

Gagarumin taimako ga bambancin da rai kuma sa haduwa ko "haduwa" fasali. A ci gaba da aiwatar da alaqa kungiyoyin na kwayoyin ƙarƙashin rinjayar guda muhalli yanayi, irin wannan jikin kafa a daidaikun mutane. Suna da irin wannan tsarin, amma daban-daban asalin kuma yi kusan guda aiki.

By da haduwa ne sosai kusa parallelism - wani nau'i na juyin halitta, a lokacin da asali diverging kungiyar tasowa a cikin irin wannan hanya a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wannan yanayi. Haduwa da parallelism raba fairly lafiya line, kuma shi ne sau da yawa wuya su siffantãwa da juyin halitta da wani rukuni na kwayoyin daya nau'i ko wata.

nazarin halittu ci gaba

Babban kwatance juyin halitta ta farko gabatar a cikin ayyukan AN Severtsova. Ya miƙa zuwa samar da manufar nazarin halittu ci gaba. A ayyukan kimiyyar kafa daga hanyoyin da za a cimma shi, kazalika da manyan hanyoyi da kuma kwatance juyin halitta. Ideas ɓullo da Severtsova II Shmal'gauzen.

Babban kwatance juyin halitta daga cikin kwayoyin duniya, ware da masana kimiyya - shi ne nazarin halittu ci gaba, komawa da baya da kuma karfafawa. Na lakabi shi ne sauki su fahimci yadda wadannan matakai bambanta da juna. Ci gaban take kaiwa ga samuwar na sabon halaye da ƙara mataki na karbuwa ga muhalli. Komawa da baya da aka bayyana, a rage girman da kungiyar da bambancin, manyan ƙarshe zuwa ga nau'i nau'i. Karfafawa ya shafi kullawa samu halaye da kuma su canja daga tsara zuwa tsara, a wani gwada canzawa yanayi.

A wani narrower ji, denoting babban Lines kwayoyin juyin halitta, yakan haifar da nazarin halittu ci gaba da kuma siffofin.

Akwai uku main hanyoyin da za a cimma nazarin halittu ci gaba:

• arogenez.
• allogenez.
• katagenesis.

arogenez

Wannan tsari ya sa ya yiwu ƙara da janar matakin na kungiyar a sakamakon samuwar aromorphosis. Mun bayar ga gano abin da ake nufi da wannan kalma. Saboda haka, aromorphosis - shugabanci na juyin halitta manyan zuwa ingantaccen canji a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, tare da su kara mawuyaci da kara Na'urar Properties. A sakamakon canje-canje a cikin tsarin zama mafi m aiki na mutane, za su iya yin amfani da sabon, baya untapped albarkatu. A sakamakon, da kwayoyin ne a wasu ji free daga muhalli da yanayi. A wani mataki na kungiyar na adaptations ne sun fi mayar da duniya, ba da ikon ci gaba da kansa na cikin yanayi na yanayi.

A da kyau misali aromorphosis ne a maida da jijiyoyi na vertabrate: fitowan na hudu ɗakuna a zuciya, da kuma rabuwa da biyu wurare dabam dabam - ƙanana da manyan. Juyin Halitta daga shuke-shuke ne halin da wani gagarumin tsalle gaba a sakamakon da samuwar hirtsinta tube da kuma iri. Aromorphoses kai zuwa fitowan da sabon taxonomic raka'a: azuzuwan, sashen, iri da kuma sammai.

Aromorphosis a Severtsov ne mai gwada rare juyin sabon abu. Yana kiwon morphophysiological ci gaba, wanda, bi da bi, qaga ci gaba da janar nazarin halittu, tare da wani gagarumin fadada daga cikin Na'urar zone.

zaman jama'a aromorphosis

Idan akai la'akari da shugabanci na juyin halitta daga cikin 'yan adam, da wasu masana kimiyya sun gabatar da manufar "social aromorphosis". Suna sanya duniya canje-canje a cikin ci gaban zamantakewa kwayoyin da su da tsarin, sakamakon wuya, da mafi adaptability da kuma kara da juna al'ummu. Yawan irin aromorphoses hada da, misali, fitowan na jihar, bugu da kwamfuta fasaha.

allogenez

A canje-canje ne kasa kafa da kuma duniya yanayi na cikin shakka daga nazarin halittu ci gaba. Su ne jigon allogenez. A wannan shugabanci juyin halitta (duba tebur a kasa) akwai wani gagarumin bambanci ga aromorphosis. Yana bã ya ƙãra wa matakin na kungiyar. Babban sakamako na allogenez - shi idioadaptation. A gaskiya, shi yana wakiltar m canji, saboda abin da jiki da aka shirya don daidaita da wasu yanayi. Wannan line kwayoyin Juyin halitta damar kama nau'in rayuwa a sosai daban-daban na labarin kasa na yankunan.

Jifar misali na irin wannan tsari - a iyali na Wolves. Its jinsunan da ake samu a daban-daban sauyin yanayi zones. Kowane yana da wani takamaiman sa na adaptations zuwa ga yanayi, alhãli kuwa ba ma wucewa wani irin shiri matakin.

Masana kimiyya gane da dama iri idioadaptatsy:

• a form (msl, a streamlined jiki waterfowl).
• launi (a nan tana nufin mimicry, m da m saka launi) .
• kiwo.
• a kan motsi (membrane waterfowl, tsuntsaye da jakar iska).
• karbuwa ga muhalli da yanayi.

Bambance-bambance aromorphosis da idioadaptation

Wasu masana kimiyya saba da Severtsov kuma bã su gani da isasshen dalili na banbamta idioadaptatsy da aromorphoses. Sun yi imani da cewa har zuwa abin da ci gaba za a iya kiyasta kawai bayan wani babba lokaci bayan da canji yakan faru. A gaskiya wuya a yi wa abin da juyin matakai haifar da wani sabon ingancin ko ɓullo da ikon.

Severtsova mabiya ne karkata zuwa zaton cewa shi ya kamata a fahimci ta idioadaptatsy fasalin jiki siffar, ya wuce kima girma ko rage daga cikin jikinsu. Aromorphoses ma wakiltar gagarumin canje-canje a cikin tayi ci gaba da kuma samuwar sabuwar siga.

catagenesis

Halittu juyin halitta zai iya faruwa da simplification na tsarin kwayoyin. Maturation - jimlar degeneration aiwatar da take kaiwa zuwa wani karu a cikin kungiyar halittu masu rai. Babban sakamakon da wannan shugabanci na juyin halitta (Table gwama hanyoyi uku da aka jera a kasa) shi ne zargin da ake kira m katamorfozov ko alamun cewa an maye gurbin rasa m. Misalan kwayoyin da suka wuce mataki na kowa degeneration, na iya zama wani m. Domin mafi part, suka rasa ikon m motsi, sun ƙwarai Sauki da juyayi da kuma Sistem tsarin. Amma akwai daban-daban na'urorin ga mafi aiwatar a cikin rundunar ta jiki da kuma abin da aka makala to da ya dace hukumomi.

Babban kwatance juyin halitta

	arogenez	allogenez	catagenesis
Babban canji	aromorphosis	idioadaptation	katamorfoz
Jigon shugabanci	wani janar karuwa a cikin kungiyar. da yin amfani da sabon kafofin watsa labarai albarkatu. fitowan da sabon azuzuwan, sashen, iri, da mulkoki,	inganta da karbuwa Layer. shiri irin bisa ga daban-daban Gwargwadon yankunan. canji na gabobin da kuma jiki siffar, ba haifar da wani gagarumin ci gaba a cikin kungiyar	wani janar karu a cikin kungiyar saboda da akan rage unclaimed jikinsu. fitowan da sabon azuzuwan, sashen, iri, da mulkoki. da saye da sabuwar, amma m ãyõyi
misalai	bayyanar hudu gidajen zuciya a dabbobi masu shayarwa. ci gaban da kafa biyu locomotion a mutum kakanninsu. fitowan da tayi Layer a angiosperms	tsarin fasali na wata gabar jiki, ko pinnipeds ungulates. lebur zurfin jiki; musamman da baki daga tsuntsaye masu cin nama	fitowan suckers da sauran prisposoboeny parasites. bacewar shugabannin Shellfish. rage na narkewa kamar tsarin a tapeworms

rabo

Babban kwatance juyin halitta suna juna da kuma a cikin shakka daga tarihi cin kullum maye gurbin juna. Bayan muhimman canje-canje a cikin hanyar aromorphosis ko degeneration na wani lokaci a lokacin da wani sabon rukuni na kwayoyin fara delaminate a sakamakon ci gaban da ta raba sassa daban-daban na kasa yankunan. Juyin Halitta fara da idioadaptatsy. Bayan wani lokaci, da tara canje-canje kai zuwa wani sabon gwajin kwari tsalle.

Shugabanci na ci gaba da shuke-shuke

Modern Flora ba zai bayyana nan da nan. Kamar dukan kwayoyin, shi ya wuce dogon hanyar ci gaba. Juyin Halitta daga shuke-shuke hada da saye da dama muhimmanci aromorphoses. A farko daga cikin wadannan da aka fitowan na photosynthesis cewa a yarda m kwayoyin amfani da makamashi na hasken rana. A hankali, a sakamakon canje-canje na ilimin halittar jiki da kuma photosynthetic Properties na wani algae.

A mataki na gaba shi ne ci gaban da ƙasar. Domin nasara ƙarshe na "manufa" ya dauki wani aromorphosis - bambantawa na kyallen takarda. Bayyana mosses, spore shuke-shuke. Bugu da ari complicating kungiyar saboda da aiwatar da canji da kuma hanyoyin da haifuwa. Aromorphoses kamar ovule, pollen hatsi, kuma a karshe da iri ne halin da gymnosperms, evolutionarily mafi m fiye da spore.

Next, da hanyar da shugabanci na ci gaba da shuke-shuke motsi zuwa ga mafi karbuwa ga muhalli da yanayi, da kara jure unfavorable dalilai. A sakamakon zargin wani pestle da jam Layer kafa flowering shuke-shuke, ko angiosperms, ne a yau a Jihar nazarin halittu ci gaba.

dabba mulki

Juyin Halitta eukaryotes (eukaryotic cell qunshi ado core) tare da heterotrophic irin ikon samar (ba ƙirƙirar heterotrophs organics via chemo- ko photosynthesis) kuma a cikin farkon matakai na nama bambantawa tare. Coelenterates mallaka daya daga cikin na farko gagarumin aromorphoses juyin halitta a cikin dabbobi: a cikin tayi an kafa ta biyu yadudduka, ecto- da indodem. A zagaye da lebur tsutsotsi tsari ne mai rikitarwa. Suna halin da uku da amfrayo ganye, da kuma mesodam. Aromorphosis Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don karfafa bambantawa daga kyallen takarda da kuma gabobin da bayyanar.

A na gaba mataki - da samuwar wani sakandare rami jiki da kuma kara rarraba shi zuwa sassan. Annelids riga da parapodium (m irin hanya), kazalika da Sistem da numfashi tsarin. Tana mayar parapodial a jointed wata gabar jiki da kuma wasu sauran canje-canje ya kai ga zargin da irin arthropod. Bayan su saki da kwari fara rayayye ci gaba a ƙasar saboda zargin da amfrayo membranes. Yau aka fi saba da rayuwa a kan ƙasar.

Irin manyan aromorphoses kamar yadda kafa tsirkiya na na tsarin jijiya tube, da na ciki da kuma lakã zuciya, sun sanya yiwu fitowan irin chordates. Godiya ga mai yawan m canje-canje a cikin bambancin da masu rai, suna goyon bayan da kifi, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da amniotes. Recent saboda tayi membranes ƙara dogara ne a kan ruwa da kuma bar wa bushe ƙasar.

Bugu da ari juyin halitta ne motsi zuwa ga canji na jijiyoyi. Akwai dumin jiki dabbobi. Adaptations ga jirgin sanya yiwu fitowan tsuntsaye. Aromorphoses kamar da hudu gidajen zuciya da kuma bacewar dama aortic baka, da karuwa a cikin forebrain hemispheres da bawo ci gaba, da samuwar gashi da mammary gland da kuma yawan canje-canje sun jagoranci zuwa fitowan da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Daga cikin su tsaya daga cikin juyin da placental dabbobi, da kuma a yau ne a Jihar nazarin halittu ci gaba.

Shugabanci na ci gaba da bil'adama

The tambaya na asalin da kuma juyin halitta daga cikin magabatan zamani mutane karatu har sosai. Godiya ga binciken binciken burbushin halittu da kuma kamanta jinsi sun canza da riga kafa ideas na mu "bishiyar iyali." 15 shekaru da suka wuce da shi cike da ra'ayin cewa juyin halittar hominids tafiya a mikakke type, watau kunshi jerin m more ci gaba da siffofin: Australopithecus, Homo habilis, archanthropines, Nearnderthal (paleanthropic) neanthropines (zamani mutumin). Babban kwatance na juyin halitta mutum, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da wasu kwayoyin, ya haifar da samuwar sabuwar adaptations, kiwon kungiyar.

A data samu a karshe 10-15 shekaru, duk da haka, sun sanya babbar sabawa a riga data kasance hoto. New Finds kuma mai ladabi Dating nuna cewa juyin halitta ya fi hadaddun. Subfamily Homininae (yana nufin da iyali na hominids) tabbatar da kunshi kusan ninki biyu kamar yadda da yawa jinsunan fiye da baya tsammani. Juyin Halitta da aka ba sanye da mikakke hali, da kuma dauke da dama a lokaci guda samar Lines ko rassan, m da sunayen mambobin gwamnatinsa. A lokuta daban-daban zamani da uku ko hudu ko fiye da jinsin. wannan bambancin takaita ne saboda hijirar na cikin evolutionarily mafi m kungiyoyin na sauran, kasa da suka ci gaba. Alal misali, shi ne a yanzu kullum yarda cewa kwatanta da na zamani mutane rayu a lokaci guda. Da farko sun kakanninmu, amma shi ne mai layi daya reshe, wanda ya maye gurbin da mafi m wakilan hominin.

m canje-canje

Babu shakka zama babban aromorphoses da ya kai ga ci gaba na subfamily. Wannan karkata zuwa ga gaskiya hali da kuma wani karuwa a cikin kwakwalwa. A dalilan samuwar na farko da masana kimiyya saba. Na dogon lokaci shi aka yi zato cewa shi ne mai zama dole gwargwado, wajibi ne ga ci gaban da bude sarari. Duk da haka, kwanan nan data bayar da shawarar cewa mutum kakanninsa tafiya a kan ƙafãfu biyu a cikin tsawon rai a cikin bishiyoyi. Wannan ikon zo daga gare su, nan da nan bayan rabuwa daga biri line. A daya version of hominin farko koma kamar na zamani orangutans, a tsaye da hanzari a kan wannan reshe kuma rike hannunsu a kan kan sauran.

kwakwalwa girma da ya faru a dama, saukarwa. Ya farko da ya fara yi na Homo habilis (Homo habilis), wanda ya koyi yadda za su yi cikin sauki kayan aikin. A ci gaba da kwakwalwa girma ya zo daidai da wata karuwa a cikin rabo na nama a cikin hominin rage cin abinci. Habilis, a fili sun kasance scavengers. Wadannan da karuwa a cikin kwakwalwa shi ma aka yi tare da wani karuwa a yawan dabbobi abinci da kuma sake ma su matsugunni da kakanninmu bayan da 'yan qasar na nahiyar Afirka. Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa karuwa a cikin rabo na nama a cikin abinci da ake dangantawa da bukatar cika makamashi ta halin kaka, da barin goyon baya aiki na kwakwalwa karu. Mai yiwuwa, na gaba mataki na wannan tsari ya zo daidai da ci gaban wuta: dafa abinci ne ba kawai quality, amma kuma adadin kuzari, a Bugu da kari, rage muhimmanci lokacin da ake bukata domin daukan taban.

Babban kwatance juyin halitta daga cikin kwayoyin duniya, mukaddashin ga ƙarni, kafa na zamani Flora da fauna. Movement wajen aiwatar daidaita da wa canza muhalli da yanayi ya kai ga wani babban iri-iri na rayuwar siffofin. Babban kwatance juyin halitta ne guda a kan dukkan matakan da kungiyar, kamar yadda evidenced da data na ilmin halitta, da lafiyar qasa da kuma itatuwa aure.