Real gas: karkacewa daga ideality

Kalmar "real gas" tsakanin chemists da kuma lissafin kimiyya kira gas irin kaddarorin da wanda yake shi ne kai tsaye dogara a kan su intermolecular interactions. Ko da yake wani na musamman directory za a iya karanta cewa daya mole daga cikin abubuwa karkashin al'ada yanayi da kuma kwari jihar bautar wani juz'i na kimanin 22,41108 lita. Wannan magana gaskiya ne kawai don haka ake kira "manufa" gas ga wanda, a cewar Clapeyron lissafi, ba aiki da karfi na juna janye da tunkuxe kwayoyin, da kuma juz'i na shagaltar da ta karshen shi ne negligibly kananan.

Hakika, wadannan abubuwa ba su zama, saboda haka duk wadannan muhawara da lissafinta zalla msar tambayar fuskantarwa. Amma hakikanin iskar, da ne ga wasu har karkacewa daga manufa dokokin ne sosai m. Tsakanin kwayoyin daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ne ko da yaushe ba karfi na juna janye, wanda ke nufin cewa su girma ne dan kadan daban-daban daga deduced m model. Haka kuma, duk real gas da sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na sabawa daga ideality.

Amma a nan shi gano gaba ɗaya bayyana hali: mafi girma tafasar batu abu kusa da sifili digiri centigrade, da more fili zai bambanta daga manufa model. A lissafi na jihar real gas mallakar da Dutch likita Johannes Diederik van der Waals sojojin, suka janye a 1873. A wannan dabara, wanda yana da tsari (p + n ² a / V ²⁾ (V - NB) = nRT , gudanar biyu sosai gwaji gyara a kwatanta da Clapeyron lissafi (PV = nRT), m gwaje. A farko daya daukan la'akari da sojojin na kwayoyin hulda, wanda rinjayar ba kawai da irin gas, amma kuma ta girma, yawa da kuma matsa lamba. Na biyu gyara ne m da kwayoyin nauyi na da abu.

A mafi muhimmanci wajen gyara saya data a wani babban matsin gas. Alal misali, ga nitrogen a 80 atmospheres exponent. lissafin zai zama daban-daban daga manufa ta game da biyar bisa dari, yayin da matsa lamba ƙaruwa zuwa hudu atmospheres bambanci riga ya kai xari bisa dari. Yana bi da cewa dokokin da manufa gas model ne m. Wanin daga gare su ne duka gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari. A farko bayyana kanta a gaskiyar cewa Clapeyron lissafi riko ga duk real gaseous sosai wajen. Ritaya ne ingantaccen yawa da zurfi.

Real gas iya da kyau a canja a cikin ruwa da kuma m jihar tari, wanda ba zai yiwu ba a cikin m riko da Clapeyron lissafi. Intermolecular sojojin aiki a kan irin kayan da kai ga samuwar na daban-daban sinadaran mahadi. Wannan sake ba zai iya zama a cikin msar tambayar manufa gas tsarin. A haka kafa sadarwa kira sinadaran ko valence. A cikin akwati inda real gas da aka ionized, a cikinta fara bayyana Coulomb janye sojojin da cewa sanin da hali na, msl, wani jini, wanda yake shi ne kusan tsaka tsaki ionic jinsunan. Wannan Gaskiya ne, a cikin hasken da cewa da jini kimiyyar lissafi a yau ne a sararin, saurin bunkasuwar kimiyya da horo, wanda yana da wani musamman m aikace-aikace a astrophysics, ka'idar rediyo kalaman sakonni, da kuma matsalar sarrafawa nukiliya Fusion halayen.

Chemical shaidu a real gas da yanayinsu ba su bambanta ba daga cikin kwayoyin sojojin. Wadanda kuma sauran sun fi mayar rage ga lantarki hulda tsakanin atomic zargin, duk wanda an gina atomic da kwayoyin tsarin da abu. Duk da haka, cikakken fahimtar da kwayoyin da kuma sinadaran sojojin ya yiwu ne kawai tare da fitowan na jimla makanikai.

Dole mu yarda cewa ba kowane Jihar al'amari cewa da jituwa tare da lissafi na Dutch likita, za a iya aiwatar da a yi. Wannan na bukatar ma wani factor na thermodynamic kwanciyar hankali. Daya daga cikin muhimman yanayi kwanciyar hankali jamiái ne cewa a cikin isothermal matsa lamba lissafi tilas ne a lura da wani hali don rage total jiki. A wasu kalmomin, tare da kara dabi'u na V duk isotherms na wani real gas kamata fada sosai a hannunsu. A halin yanzu, a kan isothermal ginshiƙi Van der Waals sojojin kasa da m zazzabi matakin mafitar rabo an kiyaye. A da maki a wadannan bangarori dace da m jihar na abu, wanda a yi ba za a iya gane.