Jini kimiyyar lissafi. Muhimmai na jini Physics

The sau lokacin da jini hade tare da mu tare da wani abu ba na gaskiya ba, m, ba dama, ana dogon tafi. Yau wannan ra'ayi ne yadu amfani. A jini amfani a cikin masana'antar. A mafi m na da amfani a lighting fasaha. Misali - gas sallama fitilu, haskakãwa titi. Amma a kyalli fitilu ne ba. Shi ne kuma a cikin wutar lantarki waldi. Bayan waldi baka - ne jini da generated da jini mika wutar. Daya zai iya buga wasu misalai.

Jini Physics - shi ne wani muhimmin reshe na kimiyya. Saboda haka wajibi ne a fahimci ainihin Concepts alaka da shi. Wannan shi ne batun da mu labarin.

Definition da kuma iri na jini

Abin da yake jini? Tabbatar da dalilin a kimiyyar lissafi ne da aka sarari. Jini da aka kira a Jihar abu inda karshen yana da wani gagarumin (jinsin da jimlar yawan barbashi), da yawan caje barbashi (m) m fiye ko žasa free to matsawa ciki da abu. Za mu iya bambanta da wadannan main iri jini kimiyyar lissafi. Idan dako kasance a cikin barbashi daya irin (kuma na m alama na cajin gaɓũɓuwa, neutralizing da tsarin ba da 'yancin walwala,), shi ne ake kira guda bangaren. A daura da harka shi ne - two ko multicomponent.

jini Features

Saboda haka, za mu taƙaice bayyana manufar mai jini. Physics - ainihin kimiyya, haka ba tare da ma'anar ba zai iya yi. Yanzu gaya game da babban fasali na wannan jiha da al'amarin.

kaddarorin da jini a wadannan kimiyyar lissafi. Da farko, a cikin wannan jiha karkashin mataki na electromagnetic sojojin riga kananan akwai motsi na motocin - yanzu cewa gudana a irin wannan hanyar, kuma idan dai wadannan sojojin ba za su bace saboda nunawa na kafofin. Saboda haka, jini yana yiwuwa ke shiga a jihar inda shi ne kusan-tsaka tsaki. A wasu kalmomin, ta girma, babban yawa daga microscopic, da sifilin cajin. Na biyu siffa daga cikin jini ne alaka da dogon zangon yanayin da Coulomb da Ampere ta sojojin. Ya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa motsi a cikin wannan jiha, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da na gama hali, a shafe manyan yawan caje barbashi. Wadannan su ne ainihin Properties na jini kimiyyar lissafi. Su zai zama da amfani a tuna.

Duka wadannan siffofin kai ga cewa jini kimiyyar lissafi dada arziki da kuma bambancin. A mafi daukan hankali bayyana shi ne sauƙi na abin da ya faru na iri daban-daban instabilities. Su tsanani cikas ga m aikace-aikace na jini. Physics - da kimiyya da kullum gwamnatin. Saboda haka, yana fatan cewa a lokacin da wadannan matsalolin za a shafe ta.

A jini a taya

Juya zuwa ga takamaiman misali na tsarin, mu fara da duba yiwuwar jini subsystems a takaice al'amarin. Ƙarin ruwaye ya kamata a farko ake kira ruwa karafa - misali, wanda yayi dace da jini subsystem - guda bangaren m jini electrons. Tsananin magana, muna da sha'awar a cikin category kamata a dangana, da kuma wani ruwa electrolyte, wanda suke dako - ions na biyu ãyõyi. Duk da haka, domin dalilai daban-daban, Wutan ba su kasance a wannan category. Daya daga cikin su ya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa a cikin electrolyte da wani haske, motsi dako kamar electrons. Saboda haka, jini Properties aka ambata a sama suna nuna muhimmanci weaker.

jini lu'ulu'u

A jini a cikin lu'ulu'u yana da wani musamman sunan - m-jihar jini. A ionic lu'ulu'u, ko da yake akwai zargin, amma har yanzu suna. Saboda haka, babu wani jini. A karafa - ne electrons watsin da ke cikin daya-bangaren jini. Ta cajin da aka cika da ajali cajin (more daidai, iya matsawa ga mai nisa) ions.

A jini a semiconductors

Idan akai la'akari da muhimmai daga jini kimiyyar lissafi, ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin semiconductors halin da ake ciki shi ne mafi bambancin. A takaice fahince shi. OCP domin wadannan abubuwa za su iya faruwa idan ka shigar da su a cikin dacewa impurities. Idan najasa sauƙi sadaka electrons (gudunmawa), sa'an nan akwai n-type dako - electrons. Idan najasa, da bambanci, sauƙi tattara electrons (acceptors), sa'an nan akwai p-type dako - ramukan (komai sarari a rarraba electrons), wanda halayya kamar yadda barbashi tare da wani m cajin. Biyu-bangaren jini da aka kafa ta electrons da kuma ramukan auku a semiconductors ko da sauki hanya. Alal misali, ya zo karkashin mataki na yin famfo haske, bombarded tare da electrons daga valence band ga madugu band. Ka lura da cewa a karkashin wani yanayi, electrons da kuma ramukan suna janyo hankalin zuwa juna, iya samar da wata daure jihar, kama da hydrogen zarra, - wani exciton, kuma idan famfo tsanani da kuma yawa daga excitons ne manyan, su saje da juna ta samar da wata drop of electron-rami ruwa. Wani lokaci wannan yanayin ne dauke da wani sabon Jihar al'amari.

gas ionization

Wadannan misalai koma zuwa takamaiman lokuta na jini jihar da kuma jini a m nau'i ne ake kira ionized gas. By ta ionization iya sa mutane da yawa dalilai: lantarki filin (da gas sallama, mai hadiri), da luminous juyi (photoionization), azumi barbashi (radiation na rediyoaktif kafofin, cosmic haskoki, wanda aka bude da kuma hawa mataki na ionization na tsawo). Duk da haka, babban factor ne da dumama da gas (thermal ionization). A wannan yanayin, da rabuwa da electrons daga cikin zarra leads yi karo da wasu gas barbashi karshen ciwon isa sanadin motsi makamashi saboda high zazzabi.

High-zafin jiki da kuma low-zazzabi jini

Low-zazzabi jini kimiyyar lissafi - wani abu da abin da muka zo a cikin lamba kowace rana. Misalai na irin wannan yanayi na iya zama harshen wuta, da dũkiyõyinsu a cikin gas sallama da walƙiya, daban-daban iri sanyi jini sarari (ionosphere da magnetosphere taurari da taurari), da aiki dũkiyõyinsu a cikin daban-daban fasaha na'urorin (MHD janareto, jini injuna, burners, da sauransu. N.) . Misalan zafi jini - star abu a matakai na su ci gaba, sai dai farkon lokacin kuruciya da kuma tsufa, aiki ruwa a tsarin sarrafawa da makaman nukiliya fe (tokamak, Laser na'ura, da kuma katako na'ura al.).

Fourth Jihar al'amari

Rabin karni da suka wuce, da yawa lissafin kimiyya da chemists yi imani da cewa al'amarin ya kunshi kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin. Su suna da ha a hade tare da ko dai sosai tarwatsewa ko fiye ko žasa da umarnin. An yi imani da cewa akwai uku bulan - gaseous, ruwa da kuma m. Abubuwa shan su a ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje yanayi.

A halin yanzu, duk da haka, zamu iya cewa akwai 4 jihohin al'amarin. Wannan jini za a iya daukarsa a matsayin sabon, huɗu. Its bambanci daga takaice (m da ruwa) furta kunshi a gaskiyar cewa da shi, kamar yadda da gas yana da ba kawai da karfi elasticity, amma kuma tsayayyen nasu girma. A daya hannun, a kowa da jini takaice jihar gaban short fuska domin, watau. E. hulda matsayi da abun da ke ciki na da barbashi da ke makwabtaka da jini cajin. A wannan yanayin, irin wannan hulda da aka ba generated da intermolecular da Coulomb sojojin: cajin Firaministan tafi da wannan sunan da kansa da kuma jan da sabanin zargin.

jini kimiyyar lissafi da aka mana a takaice sake nazari. Wannan topic ne quite nauyi, don haka ba za mu iya kawai magana game da abin da muka gano da tushe. jini kimiyyar lissafi, lalle ya cancanci kara shawara.