Features na nukiliya tsarin. Tsari da kuma aiki na cell tsakiya

cell tsakiya - ta fi muhimmanci organelle, da wurin ajiya da haifuwa a kayyade. Wannan membrane tsarin, wanda bautarka 10-40% na Kwayoyin, wanda ayyuka masu matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar eukaryotes. Duk da haka, ko da ba tare da kasancewar kwayoyin bayanai kwaya aiwatar yiwu. Wani misali na wannan tsari ne da ikon rayuwa kwayan Kwayoyin. Duk da haka, tsarin fasali na tsakiya da kuma da manufar da matukar muhimmanci ga wata kwayar kwayoyin.

Location na tsakiya a cikin cell da kuma tsarinta

A tsakiya aka located zurfi a cikin cytoplasm kuma a tsaye lamba tare da m da m endoplasmic reticulum. An kewaye da biyu membranes, rabu da wani perinuclear sarari. Ciki kwaya matrix ne ba, wani adadin chromatin da nucleoli.

Wasu balagagge adam Kwayoyin ba su da nuclei, da sauransu aiki a karkashin mai tsanani da zalunci da ayyukan. A general, tsarin da tsakiya (Students) da aka wakilta a matsayin nukiliya rami a daure karyotheca daga Kwayoyin dauke da chromatin da nucleoli, gyarawa a cikin nucleoplasm nukiliya matrix.

tsarin karyotheca

Domin saukaka wa core Kwayoyin, da karshen kamata a gani a matsayin kumfa, ƙuntata bawo daga sauran kumfa. Core - yana da wani kwalban kayyade bayanai a cikin cell kauri. Daga ta cytoplasm ya kare bilayer sia membrane. Core harsashi tsarin kama da salon salula membrane. A gaskiya ma, sun bambanta kawai da sunan da yawan yadudduka. Ba tare da wannan duka, su ne guda ta sifa da aiki.

Structure karyotheca (nukiliya membrane) biyu-Layer: shi ne hada biyu sia yadudduka. Bilipidny karyotheca m Layer kai tsaye lambobi da m endoplasmic reticulum Kwayoyin. Ciki karyotheca - tare da core abinda ke ciki. Tsakanin m da ciki kariomembranoy perinuclear sarari wanzu. A fili, shi da aka kafa saboda electrostatic mamaki - tunkuxe mãkirci glycerol sharan.

The aiki na nukiliya membrane shi ne ya halicci inji shãmaki a tsakãnin tsakiya da kuma cytoplasm. A ciki core ne wurin membrane kam nukiliya matrix - sarkar sunadarai na gina jiki da cewa goyon bayan da uku-girma tsarin. The biyu nukiliya membranes da musamman pores: ta hanyar su zuwa ribosomes a cytoplasm Manzo RNA ganye. A sosai core kauri da dama nucleoli kuma chromatin.

A ciki tsarin da nucleoplasm

Features na nukiliya tsarin ƙyale mu mu kwatanta shi da cell. Ciki da tsakiya ne ma ba a musamman yanayi (nucleoplasm) ƙaddamar da Sol-gel, wani colloidal bayani sunadaran. Ciki da shi akwai nucleoskeleton (matrix), wakilta fibrillar sunadaran. Babban bambancin kunshi kawai a cewa acidic sunadarai ne ba, yafi a cikin nucleus din. A fili, wannan wani dauki yanayi bukatar adana da sinadaran Properties na nucleic acid da kuma biochemical halayen.

endosome

A tsarin da cell tsakiya ba za a iya kammala ba tare da nucleoli. Im ne helical ribosomal RNA, wanda aka located a cikin ripening mataki. Daga baya, daga ta samu a ribosome - wani organelle zama dole domin gina jiki kira. A nucleolus ne ware tsarin yana da biyu aka gyara: fibrillar da globular. Sun bambanta kawai ta electron bincike da madubin likita, kuma ba su da membranes.

Fibrillar bangaren da aka located a cikin tsakiyar nucleolus. Yana wakiltar wani irin ribosomal RNA tufka, wanda za a tattara daga ribosomal subunit. Idan muka yi la'akari da core (sifa da aiki), shi ne na fili cewa daya granular bangaren za a iya kafa daga baya. Wadannan su ne irin maturing ribosomal subunit, wanda suke a cikin daga baya matakai na ta ci gaba. Daga cikin wadannan ribosomes aka kafa nan da nan. Su suna cire daga nucleoplasm ta hanyar makamashin nukiliya pores karyotheca da kuma fada da uwa da membrane na kausasa endoplasmic reticulum.

Chromatin da Chromosomes

Tsari da kuma aiki na tsakiya Kwayoyin organically nasaba: shi ne ba kawai wadanda Tsarin da suke da zama dole domin ajiya da kuma haifuwa kayyade bayani. Har ila yau, akwai karioskelet (matrix core) wanda aiki ne don kula da siffar da wasu gabbansa. Duk da haka, mafi muhimmanci bangaren shi ne tsakiya chromatin. Wannan chromosome, wasa da muhimmancin katin fihirisa na daban-daban kungiyoyin na genes.

Chromatin ne mai hadaddun gina jiki wanda ya kunshi na quaternary tsarin da polypeptide guda biyu zuwa wani nucleic acid (DNA RNA ko). A plasmids chromatin kwayoyin ma ba. Kusan kwata na yawan nauyi up chromatin histones - sunadaran alhakin "marufi" kayyade bayani. Wannan yanayin na nazarin da Biochemistry da ilmin halitta. A tsarin da core hadaddun daidai saboda gaban chromatin da kuma matakai da shi jũyar spiralization da uncoiling.

A gaban histone sa ya yiwu a yi cunkoso da kuma gaba da tufka da DNA a wani karamin wuri - a cikin cell tsakiya. Wannan na faruwa ne kamar haka: histones ta samar da nucleosomes, waxanda suke da abokai kamar beads. H2B, H3, H4 da H2A - Waɗannan su ne babban histone sunadaran. Nucleosome kafa ta hudu nau'i-nau'i daga kowane gabatar histones. Kamar wancan histone H1 ne linker: shi yana da nasaba da DNA a shafin na shigarwa e a nucleosome. DNA marufi ne sakamakon "Tuddan" mikakke kwayoyin 8 histone gina jiki tsari.

A tsarin da tsakiya, wanda makirci ne da aka nuna a sama presupposes solenoidpodobnoy DNA tsarin dakunan a kan histones. A kauri daga cikin conglomerate ne game da 30 nm. A tsarin iya takaice da kuma kara mamaye kasa sararin samaniya da kuma kasa da fallasa su inji lalacewar babu makawa abin da ke faruwa a lokacin cell rayuwa.

A kasarun adadi na chromatin

Tsarin, da sifa da aiki na cell nucleus din fixated a kan cewa goyon bayan da tsauri matakai Helix da uncoiling na chromatin. Saboda akwai biyu main kasarun adadi daga gare ta, yawa da helical (heterochromatin) da kuma malospiralizovannaya (euchromatin). Suna raba biyu da fasali da kuma aikin. A heterochromatin DNA yana da kyau kare daga duk wani tasiri da kuma ba za a iya rubuce. Euchromatin kare rauni, amma genes za a iya ninka gina jiki kira. Mafi sau da yawa shafukan da heterochromatin da euchromatin ake alternated ko'ina cikin dukan tsawon na chromosome.

chromosome

A cell tsakiya, tsarin da kuma ayyuka na wanda aka bayyana a cikin wannan ɗaba'ar qunshi wani chromosome. Wannan shi ne wani hadadden kuma densely cushe chromatin cewa za a iya gani a karkashin hasken bincike da madubin likita. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne kawai zai yiwu idan nunin da aka located a kan salula a mataki mitotic ko meiotic division. Daya daga cikin matakan shi ne Helix na chromatin ta samar da chromosomes. Kila ne mai sauqi qwarai: chromosome yana da wani telomere da biyu makamai. Kowane kwayar kwayoyin na daya jinsin wannan tsarin da tsakiya. Table chromosomes ya kuma kama.

Da aiwatar da core ayyuka

Babban fasali na core na tsarin hade tare da aiwatar da wasu ayyuka da kuma bukatar sarrafa su. A tsakiya abubuwa a matsayin mangaza kayyade bayani, cewa shi ne mai irin fayil da ke rubuce dukkanin amino acid jerin sunadaran da cewa suna hada a cikin cell. Yana nufin saboda yin wani aiki, to tantanin kuwa dole ne haduwa da furotin da tsarin da aka shigar wanda ke aiki a gene.

Don da zuciyar "fahimci" abin takamaiman gina jiki da za a hada a daidai lokacin, akwai wani tsarin na waje (membrane) da kuma ciki rabe. Bayani a kan su ake kawota da zuciyar ta hanyar kwayoyin riwayar. Mafi sau da yawa wannan ne yake aikata ta hanyar da adenylate cyclase inji. Tun Kwayoyin da ake gittar da hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine), da kuma wasu kwayoyi da hydrophilic tsarin.

A na biyu bayanai watsa inji shi ne ciki. Shi ne peculiar zuwa lipophilic kwayoyin - corticosteroids. Wannan abu bilipidnuyu ratsa cikin jikin tantanin da aka directed zuwa tsakiya, inda shi interacts tare da tsoka mai amsa sigina. A sakamakon kunnawa da tsoka mai amsa sigina hadaddun located a kan jikin tantanin (adenylate cyclase inji), ko karyotheca, dauki farawa kunnawa da wani musamman gene. Yana replicates, Manzo RNA da aka gina a kan tushen daga gare ta. Daga baya, bisa ga latest hada da furotin da tsarin cewa ya aikata wani aiki.

Da zuciyar kwayar kwayoyin

A kwayar kwayoyin musamman core tsarin ne guda kamar yadda a cikin guda-celled. Ko da yake akwai wasu nuances. Da fari dai, kwayar nuna cewa da kansa takamaiman aiki (ko fiye) za a alama a cikin wani yawan Kwayoyin. Wannan na nufin cewa wasu kwayoyin halittu ne har abada despiralizovany, yayin da wasu ne a cikin wani m jihar.

Alal misali, sel da adipose nama gina jiki kira zai tafi m, sabili da haka mafi yawan chromatin spiralized. Kuma a Kwayoyin, misali, exocrine pancreatic gina jiki biosynthetic matakai ci gaba ci gaba. Saboda su chromatin despiralizovan. A waɗannan wurare, da genes ake replicated mafi sau da yawa. A wannan muhimmanci key alama: da chromosome sa na duk Kwayoyin na jiki ne guda. Kawai saboda bambantawa na ayyuka a cikin tsokoki na wasu daga cikinsu kashe daga aiki, da kuma sauran dispiralized mafi sauransu.

Nukiliya-free Kwayoyin na jiki

Akwai Kwayoyin, wanda suke da tsarin fasali na kwaya ba za a dauke, saboda suna da sakamakon da rai, ko hana ta aiki, ko dai gaba daya rabu da shi. A sauki misali - ja jini Kwayoyin. Wannan jini Kwayoyin, da tsakiya daga abin da ba kawai a farkon matakai na ci gaba, a lokacin da hada haemoglobin. Da zarar ta awo ne mai isa ga oxygen canja wuri, da tsakiya da aka cire daga Kwayoyin, domin sauƙaƙe ta sufuri ba ya tsoma baki da oxygen.

A ta general nau'i ne erythrocyte cytoplasmic jakar cike da haemoglobin. A irin wannan tsarin ne ma halayyar da kitsen Kwayoyin. Structure adipocyte cell tsakiya musamman Saukake, shi da rage-rage, da canjawa zuwa membrane, da kuma gina jiki kira matakai ne maximally hana. Wadannan Kwayoyin ne ma reminiscent na "bags" cike da mai, ko da yake, ba shakka, da dama biochemical halayen ne dan kadan ya fi girma fiye ja jini Kwayoyin. Platelets ma da babu tsakiya, amma ya kamata su ba za a ɗauke su cikakken fledged Kwayoyin. Wannan cell wani ɓaɓɓake, wajibi ne ga aiwatar da hemostasis tsari.