Globular da fibrillar gina jiki: na asali halaye

A hudu mafi muhimmanci azuzuwan hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi wanda wani bangare ne na jiki: nucleic acid, fats, carbohydrates da kuma sunadarai. A karshen da za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Menene gina jiki?

Wannan polymer sinadaran mahadi gina daga amino acid. Sunadaran da wani hadadden tsarin.

Kamar yadda hada da furotin?

Wannan na faruwa a cikin sel da kwayoyin. Akwai na musamman da wasu gabbansa da suke da alhakin wannan tsari. Wannan ribosome. Sun kunshi sassa biyu: ƙanana da manyan, suna hade a lokacin organelle. Kan aiwatar da rairaya da polypeptide sarƙoƙi na amino acid kira translation.

Mene ne amino acid?

Duk da cewa da irin sunadaran a cikin jiki m, amino acid, daga abin da suka za a iya kafa, akwai kawai ashirin. Irin wannan bambancin da sunadaran da aka samu ta hanyar daban-daban haduwa da jeruwar amino acid, kazalika da daban-daban masauki chaining a sarari.

Amino acid dauke a cikin sinadaran abun da ke ciki na biyu adawa Properties na aikin kungiyoyin: carboxyl da kuma amino kungiyar, da kuma m: aromatic, aliphatic ko heterocyclic. Bugu da ari, ƙarin aikin kungiyoyin iya shigar dasu cikin radicals. Wadannan iya zama carboxylic acid kungiyoyin, amino kungiyoyin, amide, hydroxyl, guanidovye kungiyar. Har ila yau, da m iya ƙunsar sulfur a cikin abun da ke ciki.

Ga jerin acid daga wanda sunadarai za a iya gina:

• alanine.
• glycine.
• leucine.
• valine.
• isoleucine.
• threonine.
• serine.
• glutamic acid .
• aspartic acid .
• glutamine.
• asparagine.
• arginine.
• lysine.
• methionine.
• cysteine.
• tyrosine.
• phenylalanine.
• histidine.
• tryptophan.
• proline.

Daga cikin wadannan, goma suke da muhimmanci - wadanda wanda ba za a iya hada a cikin jikin mutum. Wannan valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, arginine. Su dole ne a ingested da abinci. Mutane da yawa na wadannan amino acid samu a kifi, naman sa, nama, kwayoyi, legumes.

A farko tsarin da gina jiki - abin da yake da shi?

Wannan jerin amino acid a cikin sarkar. Sanin farko tsarin da gina jiki, da shi za a iya yin wani daidai sinadaran dabara.

secondary tsarin

Yana da wata hanya da karkatacciyar na polypeptide sarkar. Akwai biyu zažužžukan ga sanyi na gina jiki alpha-Helix da beta-tsarin. A sakandare tsarin da furotin da aka bayar da hydrogen shaidu tsakanin CO- da NH- kungiyoyin.

A manyan tsarin da gina jiki

Wannan na sarari fuskantarwa da wani karkace ko wani hanya ne na kwanciya a wasu har. Yana bayar da disulfide da peptide sinadaran shaidu.

Dangane da irin manyan Tsarin zama fibrous da globular sunadaran. A karshen da siffar zobe siffar. Structure fibrillar sunadaran kama thread wanda aka kafa ta multilayer stacking beta Tsarin ko layi daya tsari da dama alpha-Tsarin.

A quaternary tsarin

Shi ne halayyar ga sunadaran da an hada da ba daya ba, amma da dama polypeptide sarƙoƙi. Irin wannan sunadarai na kira oligomeric. Mutane daya-daya, sarƙoƙi kunshe a abun da ke ciki, da ake kira protomers. Protomers, wanda aka gina daga wani oligomeric gina jiki iya yi duka biyu da guda ko daban-daban primary, secondary ko manyan tsarin.

Mene ne denaturation?

Wannan halakar da quaternary, manyan, na biyu gina jiki Tsarin, inda shi hasarar da sinadaran da jiki Properties kuma iya daina cika da rawar a cikin jiki. Wannan tsari na iya faruwa a sakamakon high yanayin zafi gina jiki (daga 38 digiri Celsius, amma ga kowane mutum gina jiki, wannan adadi) ko m abubuwa irin acid da kuma alkalis.

Wasu sunadarai ne iya annealing - zaman majalisar ta asali tsarin.

rarrabuwa sunadaran

Ba da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, sun kasu kashi sauki da kuma hadaddun.

Simple sunadaran (proteins) - su ne wadanda wanda dauke da kawai da amino acid.

Complex sunadaran (proteid) - wadanda cewa an hada da} afar roba kungiyar.

Dangane da irin} afar roba kungiyar sunadarai za a iya raba:

• lipoprotein (dauke da lipids).
• nucleoproteins (hada da nucleic acid);
• chromoproteids (dauke da pigments).
• fosfoproteidy (an hada da phosphoric acid);
• metalloproteins (dauke da karafa).
• glycoproteins (kunshi cin carbohydrates).

Bugu da ƙari kuma, dangane da irin globular manyan tsarin wanzu da kuma fibrillary gina jiki. Dukansu za su iya zama a matsayin mai sauki, ko hadaddun.

Properties na fibrous sunadaran da rawar da suka taka a cikin jiki

Su za a iya raba uku kungiyoyin dangane da sakandare tsarin:

• Alpha-tsarin. Wadannan sun hada da keratin, myosin, tropomyosin da sauransu.
• Beta tsarin. Alal misali, fibroin.
• Collagen. Wannan gina jiki, wanda yana da musamman sakandare tsarin, wanda ba alpha-Helix kuma da beta-tsarin.

Kadarorin fibrillar sunadarai a duk uku kungiyoyin ta'allaka ne da cewa suna da wani filamentary manyan tsarin, da kuma ba su narkewa a cikin ruwa.

Bari mu magana game da babban fibrillar sunadaran mafi domin:

• Keratins. Wannan duka kungiyar da bambancin sunadarai, wadda ne babban bangaren da gashi, ƙusa, gashinsa, da ulu, ƙaho, hooves da kuma kama. D. Bugu da ƙari, fibrillar gina jiki cytokeratin wannan kungiya shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin sel forming cytoskeleton.
• Myosin. Wannan abu, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin tsoka zaruruwa. Tare da actin, da fibrillar gina jiki ne mai contractile da kuma tabbatar da aiki na tsokoki.
• Tropomyosin. Wannan abu kunshi biyu lauye alpha helices. Shi ne kuma wani ɓangare na tsoka.
• Fibroin. Wannan gina jiki da aka saki da yawa kwari da kuma arachnids. Shi ne babban bangaren na yanar gizo da kuma siliki.
• Collagen. Wannan ne ya fi kowa fibrillar gina jiki a cikin jikin mutum. Yana da wani ɓangare na jijiya, guringuntsi, tsoka, jini, fata, da sauransu. D. Wannan abu na samar da elasticity kyallen takarda. collagen a cikin jiki da rage-rage tare da shekaru, sabili da haka wrinkles faru ne a cikin fata, weaker jijiyoyin da kuma tendons, kuma t. d.

Next la'akari da na biyu rukuni na sunadaran.

Globular sunadaran ba: iri, dũkiyarsu da kuma nazarin halittu rawa

Abubuwa na wannan kungiyar da siffar zobe siffar. Suna iya zama mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, Alkali mafita, acid da kuma salts.

Mafi na kowa globular sunadarai a cikin jikin su ne:

• Albumins: ovalbumin, lactalbumin, da dai sauransu ..
• Globulins: jini sunadaran (msl, haemoglobin, myoglobin.) Kuma sauransu.

Žara koyo game da wasu daga cikinsu:

• Ovalbumin. Wannan gina jiki hada da kashi 60 cikin dari kwai fari.
• Lactalbumin. Babban bangaren na madara.
• Haemoglobin. Wannan hadadden globular gina jiki, wanda ya hada da heme} afar roba kungiyar ne ba - shi ne wani rukuni na pigment dauke da baƙin ƙarfe. Haemoglobin yana kunshe ne a cikin ja jini Kwayoyin. Wannan gina jiki, wanda yake iya dauri tare da oxygen da kuma safarar shi.
• Myoglobin. Shi ne mai gina jiki irin su haemoglobin. Shi aikin wannan aiki - don gudanar da oxygen. Irin wannan mai gina jiki dauke a cikin tsoka (cardiac da striated).

Yanzu da ka san ainihin bambance-bambance tsakanin sauki da hadaddun, fibrillar da globular sunadaran.