Rayuwar da tsarin da naman gwari. Avilable amanita

Daga cikin data kasance biyar mulkokin yanayi a wani matsayi na musamman ne namomin kaza. Bã su da m siffofin da cewa fahince su a matsayin na musamman, peculiar amma sosai muhimmanci da kuma amfani ga muhalli, da kuma jikin mutum. Features na tsarin da kuma aiki na namomin kaza da kuma za mu yi kokarin la'akari da labarin da gane abin da yake cikin bambancinsa da su.

fasalin

fiye da 100 da suka jinsunan kasance a cikin mulkin fungi. Kuma daga cikinsu za ka iya saduwa da wani salo da dama ta aiwatar da wadata:

• saprophytes.
• parasites.
• symbionts.

Lower unicellular da kwayar kwayoyin mafi girma data Tsarin ne tartsatsi a cikin yanayi da ya zauna a manyan sarari a cikin kwayoyin duniya tsarin. Kada ku kau da kai fungi da mutane, kamar yadda kwayoyin da ya zo a cikin lamba tare da su, ba kawai azahiri, amma kuma a salon salula matakin, ciki (parasitic fungi, Candida).

A babban rawa a cikin rayuwar mutane taka musamman aji Basidiomycetes, ko blewits. Bayan duk, mafi yawan su - shi ne edible jinsin amfani da mutane a matsayin mai muhimmanci da sinadirai da samfur ga da yawa millennia.

Daga mai nazarin halittu ra'ayi, shi ya cancanci musamman da hankali ne tsarin da naman gwari, wanda yana da yawan related dabiu a matsayin tare da shuka da dabbobi kwayoyin. Ko da yake zahiri shi ne mafi kusa da shuka mulkin. A general, da naman kaza ne quite sauki kewaye tsarin, idan wani unicellular kwayoyin, shi kunshi hyphae noncellular mycelium kuma tare da sporangia da spores. Idan muna magana ne game da mafi wakilan, yayin da tsarin sassa su ne kamar haka:

• mycelium (mycelium) - karkashin kasa part;
• hyphae kõre da mai walƙiya a cikin m part ta samar da 'ya'yan itace jiki.
• kafa.
• hat.

Akwai wadanda da suke a giciye tsakanin ƙananan kuma mafi girma fungi a cikin tsari da kuma hanyarsa ta rayuwa.

rarrabuwa

Modern taxonomy yana 7 manyan azuzuwan hade cikin uku rarrabuwa. Tsari da kuma rayuwar namomin kaza kowane suna da nasu halaye da dukiyoyinsu. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

Phycomycetes

Mafiya yawa na wadannan kwayoyin - shi ne parasitic da saprophytic siffofin ana amfani da su shuka rai, dabba, da mutuncinsu, da abinci, gidan abubuwa. Wadannan sun hada da uku azuzuwan:

• Chytridiomycota - mazaunan sabo da gishiri da ruwa. Parasitic a kan algae kuma iya ci saprotrophic saki da ya rage daga shuka da dabbobi kyallen takarda. Wakiltar celled tsarin. Features na tsarin irin wannan naman gwari - cewa Kwayoyin da mahara growths - rizomitselii hidima ga abin da aka makala ga substrate, kazalika da motsa a cikin ruwa shafi. Wakilai chytrid, monoblefarisovye, spizellomitsetovye, rizofidievye kwayoyin.
• Oomycetes - matukar hatsari parasites na mafi girma shuke-shuke, kazalika da ruwa mold siffar. A tsarin wakilta da naman gwari mycelium multicore ba-salon salula, haifuwa faruwa by motsi zoospores. A gaban da cellulose a cikin cell bango ya nuna kusanci zuwa ga shuke-shuke zuwa mafi girma har fiye da sauran fungi. Wakilai daga Phytophthora, peronospory da sauransu. Ba wai kawai sa Rotting sassa na shuke-shuke, amma kuma cututtuka na marine rai, wani lokacin hallaka dukan amfanin gona.
• Zygomycetes - mazaunan gona da iska, unicellular rikitarwa siffofin. More za a tattauna a kan misali na mai haske wakilin - Mucor.
• Gifohitridiomitsety - tsaka-tsakin na tsari da kuma hanyar rayuwa ne tsakanin Oomycetes da Chytridiomycetes.

Eumitsety

Wannan category hada da more ci gaba wayayye na uku azuzuwan:

• Ascomycetes - m cikin likita yi namomin kaza. Ginawa yakan haifar da mycelium, kwayar, septate da quite sosai raya. Kamar yadda ta sunan (marsupials), wadannan namomin kaza sun samu ga asali bags, sako ko asci, wanda girma jima'i spores - ascospores. A tsarin da hyphae ne ba a iyakar abin da aka kafa conidia da hannu a haifuwa. Wakilai yisti, Penicillium, Aspergillus, da sauransu. Na yaba da cewa da yawa jinsin su ne iya samar da maganin rigakafi.
• Deuteromycetes, ko ajizai fungi. Mai wakilan da HALITTAR Candida kirga cewa yana sa wannan sunan da cuta a cikin mutane da dabbobi. Hit da kyallen takarda da kuma gabobin. Su ba su da wannan spawn kawai psevdostrukturu. Ninka, forming chlamydospores.
• Basidiomycetes ko shlyapochnye form. A tsarin da naman gwari aji da za a tattauna a more daki-daki a kasa.

Kamance tare da wasu kwayoyin

A tsarin da Kwayoyin na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, fungi, yana da yawan siffofin da na kowa. Saboda haka har yanzu ba karshe ya yanke shawarar ko za a ware da kwayoyin a tambaya a raba mulkin ko har yanzu hada da tsire-tsire da dabbobi.

The abu ne cewa, akwai da dama daga filaye a kan abin da namomin kaza ne kamar irin waɗanda na Flora:

1. Capacity for Unlimited girma cikin rayuwar.
2. Fungal Kwayoyin suna da m cell ganuwar, kazalika da shuke-shuke.
3. hanyoyin da haifuwa ne irin wannan: ta hanyar spores da kuma sassa na mycelia, cewa shi ne vegetatively.
4. Rashin iyawa don matsawa a cikin sarari.
5. Absorption da na gina jiki sha Hanyar.

Duk da haka, a bambanci ga waɗanda suke a kan wadannan filaye ya wadãtu da namomin kaza zuwa ƙananan tsire-tsire, ya kamata ba a yawan shaidar ba kasa da kama daga wadannan kwayoyin ga dabbobi:

1. Cell bango ya ƙunshi polysaccharides - chitin. Ko da yake wannan abu Forms da exoskeleton na crustaceans da wasu kwari.
2. A rayuwa kayayyakin na fungi da aka samu burbushi na uric acid.
3. Reserve na gina jiki a cikin wadannan kwayoyin - glycogen, kazalika a cikin mutane.
4. By hanya na sha na gina jiki ne heterotrophic kwayoyin da aka gano chlorophyll a cikin kwayoyin jikinsu.

Saboda haka, shi ne bayyananne cewa duk namomin kaza - wannan shi ne mai raba mulkinsa, tare da takamaiman fasali.

Tsarin fungal cell

The sama kamance da kuma bambance-bambance da sauran halittu suna kuma nuna a cikin tsarin a cikin karami salula matakin. Alal misali, da fungal cell yana da dama daga cikin wadannan siffofin:

1. Waje, shi ne rabu da wani cell bango a tsire-tsire. Duk da haka, abubuwa da suke ɓangare na wannan tsarin ya nuna cewa akwai karin kamance da dabbobi. Aka gyara: chitin (a cikin wasu jinsunan cellulose), glycan, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, heteropolymers. A tsawon lokaci, wannan tsari, zai iya ossify, tara alli oxalate gishiri, sa'an nan zahiri mycelium jiki suna m kama shuka kara. A wasu lokuta, da cell bango an rufe slime a waje.
2. Next ne mai misali tsarin da jini membrane - ruwa-mosaic samuwar kunshi bilipidnogo Layer tare da sokin kuma saka sunadarai na daban-daban ayyuka. Matattarar aiki ne guda kamar yadda a cikin mafi girma kwayoyin, - don tabbatar da aiki da kuma m kai a cikin cell da kuma fitar da shi.
3. Karkashin plasmalemma located protoplast hada da na vacuole, da tsakiya da nucleoli hyaloplasm cytoplasm da wasu gabbansa.
4. Vacuole da cell sap - shi ne mai cikakkar kama da shuka cell. A lokacin da rai canja adadin da size of data Tsarin. A adult cell yana daya manyan parietal vacuole cika da wani bayani dauke da polyphosphates, carbohydrates, sinadirai kwayoyin sunadaran kwayoyin.
5. A tsakiya kuma nucleolus ne sau da yawa samuwa a guda kwafin. Located kusa da cibiyar da cell da kuma bauta ga adanar da yada kwayoyin bayanai a cikin nau'i na nucleic acid kwayoyin (DNA, RNA). Abin sha'awa da tsarin da Kwayoyin na naman gwari cewa core ta rarraba ta mitosis ninki biyu, amma ba nan da nan ya fada cikin biyu Kwayoyin mai gangara constriction. Saboda haka, wasu lokaci a cikin naman kaza tsarin za a iya gano da kuma trinuclear dual core samuwar.
6. Yana wakiltar hyaloplasm cytoplasm da kwayoyin halitta. The ruwa matsakaici narkar da carbohydrates shirya hada glycogen girma microfilaments, Kwayoyin kafa cytoskeleton. By wasu gabbansa hada da mitochondria, ribosomes, dictyosomes. Magana game da fasali na tsarin da naman gwari, shi ne daraja ambata lomasomah. Wannan translucent maraƙi, wanda rawa ne ba tukuna bayyana.

Saboda haka, tantanin na naman gwari yana da kamance da biyu dabba kuma a shuka. Duk da haka, shi ya hada da kyar musamman aka gyara.

Unicellular fungi: Mucor

Wakilai daga cikin irin gani, tabbas duk. White Fluffy mold da ya bayyana a kan abinci, da kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa, da kayan lambu stale da dabba kyallen takarda - a fungi na HALITTAR Mucor aji Zygomycota.

Azahiri, to tsirara ido duba Fluffy kilishi. A tsawon lokaci, shi darkens kuma zama bluish, launin toka. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da maturation na spores a sporangia, inda mold ya zama balagagge kuma shirya haifuwa.

Mould naman gwari Mucor tsari ne quite sauki. Da fari dai, duk da shi - wanda babban tsarin tantanin halitta, kuma shi ne unicellular. Just mycelium - Multi-core, amma ba tare da ganuwar, dauke da branched. Daya samun ra'ayi na ciwon kwayar kwayoyin, amma shi ba.

A hyphae na naman gwari girma vertically upwardly da aka kafa a karshen sporangium, mafi globular siffofi, cikinsa da balagagge spores. Wani sunan Mucor - capitate mold. Yana da aka bai wa su saboda wannan tsarin da kuma shiri na spore-kafa Tsarin.

Bayan tsufa da karami Kwayoyin zube daga cikin sporangia fashe da kuma fara kai-germination a wani sabon tsari. Har ila yau, akwai, da kuma jima'i tsari - shi ma samar kyawon tsayuwa Mucor. A tsarin da ya dace gabobin wakiltar daya ko semitransparent strands na daban-daban umarni, wanda suna da alaka ta samar da wata zygote. Ta daga baya ya bada sabon Gifu da sporangium, wanda shi ne mai zaman kanta.

Irin wannan tsarin da naman gwari ba sa cutarwa ga mutane. Hakika, wasu siffofin zai iya sa mucormycosis dabbobi da mutane, amma m darajar wannan aji ne ma manyan. Alal misali, suna da muhimmanci kera miyagun ƙwayoyi - ramitsina. Ma su mallaki wani babban enzymatic aiki ya sa ya yiwu don amfani da su a matsayin yisti Starter al'adu a samar da wasu iri ruhohi, cuku da sauransu.

Kwayar fungi: Basidiomycetes

Wannan ajin yana da fiye da 31,5 miliyan daban-daban da wakilan. Daga cikin su akwai kamar yadda parasites, kuma symbionts. The mafi ban sha'awa kungiyar kunshi edible naman gwari, da ake kira pileate. Irin wannan wakilan mulkin shiga cikin hadin gwiwa tare da tushen da itatuwa, forming da ake kira mycorrhiza - wani m interweaving na fungal hyphae da shuka asalinsu. Hakika, don haka ba duk wakilan, amma waɗanda suke edible, ya fada cikin wannan rukuni.

Avilable blewits ta'allaka ne da cewa shi kwayar jajirce da ciwon wasu sassan jiki, wanda suke da rarrabe fasali. Saboda haka, duk irin wannan wakilin ne aboveground da kuma karkashin kasa part.

bayyanar

A waje tsarin kunshi wani naman kaza hula kafa daban-daban siffofi, 'ya'yan kafafu unequal tsawon kuma massiveness da kuma karkashin kasa sassa - mycorrhiza kunshi mycelium hyphae da kuma a hade tare da itace tushen sa.

Kila duk wanda ya taba tafiya a cikin gandun daji, ya iya ganin m m naman kaza iyakoki peeking fitar da intertwining foliage da gandun daji bene. White, ja, Orange, yellow, launin ruwan kasa, ƙanana da manyan, flavorful kuma meaty, dadi da kuma sosai gina jiki - wadannan kwayoyin sun zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar mutane da kuma yi musamman ɓangare na rage cin abinci na mafi yawan su.

Waje, kana iya ganin kawai fruiting jiki da kanta, amma da tsarin fasali na amanita iya kawai a gane abin da wani karin dabara analysis sashe da kuma bincike da madubin likita.

jiki tsarin

Dungu hat mycelium (mycelium) - Waɗannan su ne babban tsarin sassa na wannan wakilan. A tsarin da fruiting jikin naman gwari ne daban-daban. Ã'a, sun bambanta a cikin size da kuma launi, kazalika da wasu fasaloli na hula. Tu cewa kafar cewa hat - wani m interweaving na fungal hyphae a daban-daban haduwa.

Saboda haka, kafa ƙunshi daruruwan dubbai na thinnest na zaren, saka a hankali cikin sauran tsarin. A kasan shi smoothly cikin mycelium, boye a karkashin kasa. Idan ka yanka da naman kaza sosai a hankali, za ka iya ganin bakin ciki sĩlĩli fari-kamar appendages cewa mika daga ƙasa, kuma girma a cikin wata itãciya dungu.

A saman, kawai a kasa hula, stipe an rufe tare da ragowar ya ko raguwa a wasu nau'in. Wannan yanayin ya sa ya yiwu a rarrabe tsakanin edible da kuma m jinsuna, kazalika da shirya da kuma rarraba su.

The sama na zangarniya lashe hula. A shi ya ta'allaka ne da alama. A tsarin da amanita rarrabe edible daga m siffofin. Saboda haka, hula ne na iri biyu:

• Laminated - shi wakiltar ciki gefen karamin farantin a cikin abin da aka shirya da kuma balagagge spores. Misalan kwayoyin volnushki, Russula, namomin kaza.
• Tube - kafa shambura, a bayyane ga tsirara ido. Data Tsarin ma ci gaba spores haifa. Misalai: man shanu namomin kaza, fari namomin kaza, Aspen, chanterelles.

Irin wannan tsarin da hula da kuma sporangia kira Hymenophore. Waje hula rufe da wani bakin ciki da kuma taushi Layer na fata, kuma a ciki wakiltar hyphae. Yana kawai yana da wani launi daban-daban, a kan abin da za ka iya yin hukunci a matsayin naman kaza.

A tsarin da mycelium

Mycelium - mai da muhimmanci sosai bangare, wanda aka kafa ta fungi. jiki tsari ne hyphae, kamar yadda muka ambata. Amma mycelium - shi ne elongated multinucleated Kwayoyin bã tãre da wani pigments.

Yana mycelium shigar symbiosis da itacen tushen da kuma riko da a kan wa itacen mitseliynym outgrowths ma'adanai da kuma ruwa. A dawowar, da naman gwari obtains daga shuka kwayoyin halitta, abin da ya sa shi heterotrophs ta Hanyar wadata.

Structure blewits yakan haifar da multiplication na spores. Duk da haka, da mycelium a lamba a al'ada yanayi (mai kyau zafi, zafin jiki) na iya kanta ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani sabon ya'yan jikinsu. Saboda haka mycelium gabagaɗi, ya kira sashen vegetative yaduwa.

rigingimu

Wadannan kananan Tsarin da suke da a babban taro na wani foda na launi daban-daban ne wani na farko tushen haifuwa na fungi. Shigowa da sporangia a kan tafiya, suna tsince iska da kuma yada a kan manyan nisa. Dabbobin da yawa da cewa ci fungi, ba zai iya nike da jayayyan su, don haka da fitarwa da makewayi a cikin muhalli. Ga gaba shlyapochnye iri samun damar rayuwa a cikin hali na kafa da kuma germination na spores. A siffar, size da launi na waɗanda Kwayoyin gano mafi naman kaza jinsunan, correlating su tare da da wani aji.

A ƙarshe, ina so in ce cewa wakilan mulkin na fungi - yana da muhimmanci sosai kwayoyin, shafi gur ~ acewar yanayin da cewa yin up da abinci sarkar, haddasa irreparable cutar da halittu masu rai, amma kuma ba mu da maganin guba ga mutane da yawa cututtuka.