Benzene - a ... tsarin dabara, Properties, kuma samar da benzene

A fili kamar benzene, Ms. Chemistry a gonarsa sun karshe samu kawai a 1833. Benzene - a fili cewa yana da wani short-tempered, za mu iya ce, ko da fashewar. Kamar yadda aka samu daga?

labarin

Johann Glauber ya juya, ya da hankali ga haɗi a 1649, wanda aka kafa nasarar a lokacin da sunadarai tsunduma a cikin aiki da kwal kwalta. Amma shi fĩfĩta su kasance incognito.

Bayan game da 170 shekaru, da kuma ya zama yafi madaidaici, a cikin tsakiyar twenties na XIX karni, kwatsam na haskakãwa gas, wato daga rabu condensate cirewa benzene. Saboda haka} o} arin yawan mutãne gare su Michael Faraday, masanin kimiyya daga Ingila.

A baton domin saye da benzene intercepted Jamus Eylgard Mitscherlich. Wannan ya faru a lokacin da aiki na wuce anhydrous benzoic acid alli salts. Zai yiwu, saboda haka, mun ba da sunan dangane - benzene. Duk da haka, a matsayin wani zaɓi, da masana kimiyya kira shi da fetur. Turare, idan a cikin Larabci.

Benzene da kyau da kuma haske, dangane da wadannan lura Ogyust Loran rika kira "gashi" ko "benzene". Bright, haske - idan aka fassara daga Girkanci.

Bisa ga ra'ayin Linus Pauling, manufar da yanayin lantarki sadarwa, daga cikin halaye na benzene, wani masanin kimiyyar ya fili kwayoyin kamar haka. Wannan heksagon. An rubũtacce da'irar. Ta gabatar da shawara cewa, da mutunci da lantarki girgijen benzene, wanda nasarar kammala da shida (ba tare da togiya) carbon sake zagayowar. Bonded binary dangantaka an kiyaye.

Tare da benzene baya aiki a matsayin sauran ƙarfi. Kuma m, kamar yadda suka faɗa, aka ba da hannu, ina aka ba da hannu. Amma shi ne a cikin XIX karni. A XX karni can sun kasance gagarumin canje-canje. benzene Properties bayyana da mafi muhimmanci da halaye da ya taimake shi ya zama ƙara rare. A Octane lambar, wanda ya tabbatar da high, bayar da wata damar amfani da shi kamar yadda man fetur abubuwa jawo motocin. Wannan mataki da impetus m kau na benzene, hakar daga gare ne da za'ayi a matsayin na biyu samfurin masana'antu coking karfe.

By da forties a cikin filin da sunadarai benzene fara da za a cinye a samar da abubuwa da sauri fashe. XX karni lashe kansa cewa refining masana'antu ya ci gaba kamar yadda benzene, wanda ya zama don bayar da sinadaran masana'antu.

benzene Feature

Unsaturated hydrocarbons suna kama da benzene. Alal misali, a hydrocarbon ethylene jerin characterizes kansa a matsayin unsaturated hydrocarbon. An halin wani Bugu da kari dauki. Benzene readily shiga cikin canzawa halayen. Duk wannan godiya ga sunadaran da suke a cikin wannan jirgin sama. Kuma kamar yadda wani al'amari - conjugated electron girgije.

Idan dabara ne ba a wani benzene zobe, to, wanda zai iya zo asali Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa wannan - benzene, tsarin dabara na wanda yai daidai da daidai.

jiki Properties

Benzene - a ruwa cewa yana da wani launi, amma yana da wani m wari. Benzene narke a lokacin da zafin jiki da kai 5,52 digiri Celsius. Tafasa a 80.1. Yawa shi ne 0,879 g / cm ^3, a matauni taro daidai 78,11 g / mol. A konewa smokes nauyi. Yana haifar da fashewar mahadi, a lokacin da iska ya ratsa. Hutu kwayoyin nau'in (benzene, da Eter, da dai sauransu) tare da bayyana abu suna da alaka ba tare da matsaloli. Yana halitta azeotropic fili da ruwa. Dumama kafin vaporization auku a 69,25 digiri (91% benzene). A 25 digiri Celsius za a iya narkar da a ruwa 1,79 g / L.

sinadaran Properties

Benzene da aka mayar da martani tare da sulfuric acid da kuma nitric acid. Kuma ma da alkenes, halogens, chloroalkanes. canzawa dauki - cewa shi ne peculiar shi. Zazzabi rinjayar da matsa lamba nasara benzene zobe wanda kara a wani fairly matsananci yanayi.

Kowane lissafi na dauki na benzene za mu iya ganin more daki-daki.

1. Electrophilic canzawa. Bromo, a gaban mai kara kuzari, yana mayar da martani tare da chlorine. A sakamakon haka ne chlorobenzene:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCI

2. Friedel-Crafts dauki ko alkylation na benzene. Ana zargin alkylbenzenes daukan wuri saboda da dangane da alkanes, wanda suke halogen Kalam:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 Electrophilic canzawa. A nan ne na dauki nitration da sulfonation. Duba benzene lissafi ne kamar haka:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. Benzene a lokacin konewa:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

A karkashin wani yanayi, shi farfado da wani yanayi muhimmi cikakken hydrocarbons. U-electron girgije, wanda yake a cikin tsarin da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya, ya bayyana wadannan halayen.

By musamman fasahar dogara ne a kan daban-daban iri benzene. Saboda haka lamarin na man fetur benzene. Alal misali, sosai tsarkake da kuma tsarkakewa ga kira. Ina son Jaddada da homologues na benzene, kuma idan kankare - su sinadaran Properties. Yana alkylbenzenes.

Homologues na benzene ne yafi kusantar su amsa. Amma waccan mujalla da muka dauki na benzene, wato homologues wuce tare da wasu bambance-bambance.

halogenation na alkylbenzenes

Form na lissafi ne kamar haka:

S6H5-CH3 + Br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

The so na bromine a benzene zobe ba ya lura. Ya ke shiga cikin gefen sarkar. Amma godiya gishiri mai kara kuzari Al (+3) bromo gabagaɗi, in da zobe.

nitration na alkylbenzenes

Saboda sulfuric da nitric acid, nitrating benzenes da alkyl benzenes. Amsawa alkyl benzenes. Biyu kayayyakin da ake samu daga uku gabatar - a para- da ortho-isomers. Zaka iya rikodin daya daga cikin dabarbari:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

hadawan abu da iskar shaka

Benzene ne unacceptable. Amma alkyl benzenes amsa readily. Alal misali, benzoic acid. Da dabara ne kamar haka:

C6H5CH3 + [Yã] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene da benzene, hydrogenation na

A gaban hydrogen amfilifa fara amsa tare da benzene, haka kafa cyclohexane, kamar yadda aka tattauna a sama. Hakazalika alkibenzoly seamlessly tuba zuwa alkylcyclohexanes. Domin alkylcyclohexane da za a hõre da ake so alkyl benzene hydrogenation. M shi ne mai zama dole hanya domin samar da unalloyed samfurin. Kuma wannan ba duk da dauki na benzene kuma alkyl benzene.

Production na benzene. masana'antu

Fundam irin samarwa dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa maimaita aka gyara: toluene, naphtha kwalta wanda aka saki a lokacin da fatattaka daga ci, da sauran. Saboda haka, benzene aka samar a petrochemical, metallurgical Enterprises. Yana da muhimmanci a san yadda za a samu daban-daban benzene tsarki, saboda manufa ta samar da manufa ya zama dangantaka ta kai tsaye daga cikin iri na abu.

Zaki ya share aka sanya Gyara catalytic dutsen ado rabo kaustobiolitnoy Boiled fita a 65 darajõji, wanda yana da tasiri na tsame barasan da dimethylformamide.

A yin ethylene da propylene an samu ruwa kayayyakin wanda an kafa a lokacin da lalata da inorganic da kuma gudanar da mahadi, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar zafi. Daga cikin wadannan, benzene da ya zama ruwan dare. Amma, abin takaici, da albarkatun kasa domin samar da version na benzene ba sosai. Saboda muna da sha'awar a cikin abu cirewa daga Gyara. By irin wannan Hanyar qara adadin benzene.

By dealkylation a 610-830 digiri da wani da ãyã, a gaban tururi kafa a lokacin ruwan na ruwa da kuma hydrogen, an shirya daga toluene, benzene. Akwai wani zabin - mai kara kuzari. Lokacin gaban zeolites faruwa, ko a madadin, oxide catalysts, batun da zazzabi 227-627 digiri.

Akwai wani, mazan, Hanyar ci gaba benzene. Tare da sha kwayoyin asalin shanku shi ne ware daga karshe sakamakon coking kwal. A samfurin da aka hõre tururi-gas da pre-sanyaya. Alal misali, a cikin shakka daga nazari mai, tushen abin shi ne man fetur ko kwal. Lokacin da barasan ne da za'ayi tare da tururi, wani absorber rabu. Hydrotreating danyen benzene taimaka free daga ba dole ba abubuwa.

ci kwalta raw kayan

A metallurgy amfani da kwal, da kuma idan tata - ta bushe barasan ya coke. A lokacin wannan hanya, iyakance iska wadata. Kada ka manta da cewa zuwa da zazzabi na 1200-1500 Celsius zafi kwal.

Carbon Chemistry benzene bukatar tsarkakewa. Kana bukatar ka rabu da m daga methyl cyclohexane kuma abõkinsa na n-heptane. Cikakken hydrocarbons dole ne kuma a cire. Benzene zama aiwatar da rabuwa, tsarkakewa, wadda za a iya za'ayi fiye da sau daya.

A Hanyar aka bayyana a sama, mafi tsufa, amma bayan wani lokaci shi hasarar da babban matsayi.

man fetur kasarun adadi

0.3-1.2% - wadannan Figures mu gwarzo a cikin untreated man fetur. Tir yi da su zuba jari da kuma kuɗaɗen da sojojin. Zai fi kyau amfani da masana'antu tsari don aiki na man fetur da kasarun adadi. Wannan shi ne catalytic Gyara. A gaban aluminum-platinum-rhenium amfilifa samun karuwar yawan aromatic carbohydrates, kuma qara nuna alama fassara siffofin ne ba kai-ƙone da man fetur a lokacin da matsawa.

pyrolysis guduro

Idan muka cire daga wadanda ba man fetur raw m, wato ta pyrolysis sakamakon a samar da propylene da ethylene, cewa wannan tsarin zai zama mafi dace. Don zama daidai, benzene saki daga pyrocondensate. A bazuwar na wasu hannun jari na bukatar hydrotreating. Lokacin da tsaftacewa sulfur da kuma unsaturated dakatar cakuda. Da farko sakamakon abinda ke ciki lura xylene, toluene, benzene. Ta hanyar tuki na wanda ekstaktivnym, BTK-kungiyar da aka samu da kuma aka rabu benzene.

hydrodealkylation na toluene

Primary Heroes aiwatar hadaddiyar giyar na hydrogen kwarara da kuma toluene ana ciyar a cikin tsanani reactor. Toluene da aka wuce ta hanyar kara kuzari Layer. A wannan tsari, da methyl kungiyar da aka raba ta samar da benzene. Inda ya dace a wasu hanya tsarkakewa. A sakamakon haka ne a high-tsarki abu (nitration).

toluene disproportionation

A sakamakon methyl kin amincewa da aji ne ya tashi halittar benzene, xylene aka oxidized. A wannan tsari, an lura transalkylation. A mataki ne saboda da tsara palladium, platinum, kuma neodymium, wanda suke a cikin alumina.

A reactor ne resistant ga samuwar mai kara kuzari da kuma hydrogen ake kawota taluol. Ya manufa - su ci gaba da shaida a kan hydrocarbon hira mai kara kuzari daga cikin jirgin saman. A rafi cewa kofofi da reactor an sanyaya da kuma sake yin fa'ida hydrogen an cire amince. Abin da aka bari, shi ne distilled sau uku. A can farko janye mahadi da cewa su ne wadanda ba aromatic. Na biyu samar benzene, kuma na karshe mataki - wani kasafi na xylenes.

trimerization na acetylene

Saboda aikin Faransa jiki sunadarai Marcellin Berthelot daga acetylene yi karfe benzene. Amma shi ya tsaya wani nauyi hadaddiyar giyar da yawa wasu abubuwa. Tambaya a nan ita yadda za a rage dauki zazzabi. A mayar da martani da aka samu kawai a cikin marigayi forties na XX karni. W. Reppe samu wani m mai kara kuzari, shi ya tabbatar ya zama nickel. Trimerization - ne kawai zaɓin da ya saya daga acetylene benzene.

benzene samuwar faruwa a tare da kunna gawayi. A high rates zafi a kan ci wuce acetylene. Benzene da aka saki idan zafin jiki ne a kalla 410 digiri. Kamar haka har yanzu haife daban-daban aromatic hydrocarbons. Saboda haka, kana bukatar mai kyau kayan aiki, wanda yake iya qualitatively bayyana acetylene. A irin wannan lokaci-cinyewa tsari a matsayin trimerization na acetylene cinye mai yawa. Don samun 15 ml na benzene, 20 lita aka dauka acetylene. Za ka iya ganin yadda shi ya dubi a cikin dabara (acetylene, benzene), da dauki ba ya dauki tsawon.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky lissafi).

3CH → CH = (t, kat) = C6H6.

Ina yin amfani da benzene

Benzene - yana da quite rare brainchild sunadarai. Musamman sau da yawa an lura kamar yadda benzene samu sabis a yi na cumene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene. Don ƙirƙirar styrene ethylbenzene ba zai iya yi ba tare da. A fara abu a kan su zo da caprolactam ne cyclohexane. Ta hanyar sanya thermoplastic guduro amfani ne caprolactam. Bayyana wani abu ba makawa a yi na daban-daban Paints, varnishes.

Ta yaya hatsari benzene

Benzene - mai guba abu. Bayyanuwar ji na malaise, wanda yana tare da tashin zuciya da kuma m - da wata ãyã daga dalma. Ba a cire ko da mutuwa. A ji na indescribable farin ciki - shi ne babu kasa ƙararrawa karrarawa a hali na guba da benzene.

Benzene ruwa sa fata hangula. Benzene ma'aurata saukin shiga ko ta hanyar m fata. A mafi gajere lamba tare da dũkiyõyinsu a cikin wani karamin kashi, amma akai-akai, m sakamakon ba dauki dogon jira. Wannan na iya zama wani bargo cutar sankarar bargo da kuma m yanayi daban-daban.

A saman da cewa abu ne jaraba a cikin mutane. Benzene abubuwa a matsayin dope. Daga taba hayaki ya jũya dakata samfurin. ya yi karatu da code, sa'an nan ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa abun ciki na karshen ne ba lafiya ga mutane. Yana da aka samu a Bugu da kari ga gaban nicotine da ko gaban aromatic carbohydrates irin benzopyrene. Hallmark benzpyrene ne Carcinogens. Effect suka yi sosai cutarwa. Alal misali, haddasa ciwon daji.

Amma ta gabatar ba, benzene ne fara abu domin samar da daban-daban magunguna, robobi, roba roba da kuma, ba shakka, pigments. Wannan ne ya fi kowa yaro da sunadarai da wani aromatic fili.