Biology. -Din-din Group sauki

Daban-daban taxonomic kungiyoyin na sauki (photo wasu kwayoyin aka gabatar a wannan labarin) ake hada guda-celled dabbobi, na ga rukuni na eukaryotes. Daga dukkan sauran eukaryotes, suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin abin da suka saba kunshi kawai guda cell, ko da yake akwai na iya zama da dama. Saboda haka, salon salula matakin na kungiyar ne ya yi mafi girma. Domin taxonomic kungiyoyin kawai ba sun hada da kwayoyin da cewa ba hadu da wannan bukata. Kusan dukkan wakilan ne microscopic a size.

morphological kuma physiological halaye

Bisa ga matakin suna daban-daban morphological kuma physiological bambantawa. Alal misali, in mun gwada sauki tsarin amoeba (ba su yi bambanta da wasu gabbansa raguwa, motsi kama da sauran abinci.). Kuma idan muka yi magana game da ciliates, su kungiyar ne quite hadaddun. Wadannan suna da surface pellikulyarnye sauki tsari, da kuma tunani contractile fibrils, kazalika da wasu gabbansa da motsi, kariya, abinci kama da t. D.). All taxonomic kungiyoyin protozoa an halin da irin salon salula ultrastructure, kazalika da janar nufi da wasu gabbansa: lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi na'ura, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria. Da zuciyar su dvuhmembrannoy kewaye da wani harsashi, a cikin abin da akwai pores. Ya ƙunshi nucleoli, karyoplasm da chromosomes (yawanci a cikin Interphase tsakiya sun despiralizovany).

yawan jinsunan

Don kwanan wata, manyan taxonomic kungiyoyin karatu protozoa. Akwai game 25-30 dubban jinsin. Kuma shi ne kawai waɗanda aka gano da masana kimiyya. Yawan halitta abin da ke faruwa kawai da zama fiye da 'yan sau, saboda su ba su bincika saboda fasaha matsaloli da su microscopic size. Daruruwan sabon jinsunan protozoa da aka bayyana a kowace shekara. Dukan su kasu kashi biyar azuzuwan: knidosporidii, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates da sarkodovyh. Comparative halaye na firamare din kungiyoyin damar zuwa zaži su halayyar fasali. A da yawa daga cikinsu da za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Aikin a cikin yanayi

Protozoa ne sosai na kowa a cikin yanayi. Sun riga sun mamaye wani gagarumin wuri a cikin abincin da sarkar, kazalika a Muciya matsayin dukan. Da yawa daga cikinsu (ciliates, radiolarians, flagellates) ne wani ɓangare daga marine plankton. Hanzari ya riɓaɓɓanya, su sau da yawa isa a manyan lambar. Wadannan kananan kwayoyin halitta - wani muhimmin bangaren na rage cin abinci na marine zooplankton, musamman copepods. Sau da yawa da mafi sauki (ciliates, foraminifera) suke kunshe a cikin marine benthos, wanda aka same daga intertidal zone zuwa mai girma zurfin. A yawan kwayoyin ne a benthic ruwa tare bangare kuma plankton. Species abun da ke ciki sauki da suke zaune a sabo ruwa, - nuni saprobity, Ina nufin ruwa gurbatawa da kwayoyin abubuwa. Abinci na da yawa kifi larvae, ciki har da kama kifi, su ne wasu daga cikin sauki, mafi sau da yawa ciliates.

parasitic jinsunan

Wannan din kungiyar na protozoa ne quite yawa. Gaba ɗaya hada biyu azuzuwan na parasites - knidosporidii da sporozoans. Na musamman muhimmancin tsakanin wadannan protozoa ne mutum parasites, kasuwanci da kuma m dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, da tsuntsãye. Domin su sa mutum cututtuka sun hada da giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, zazzabin cizon sauro. A mafi tsanani ga shanu suna cututtuka da zai haddasa jini parasites - trypanosomiasis, theileriosis piroplasmoses.

Wannan din kungiyar kawai amfani mai yawa lalacewa da kuma wuraren kiwon kaji (coccidiosis). Na protozoal cututtuka a kiwon kifi shan wahala, yafi na yara kasuwanci kifi. A musamman, Ichthyophthirius, parasitic ciliate (hoton sama) zai iya haifar da mutuwar soya. A babban ɓangare knidosporidii aji kunshi kifi parasites da kuma amfani kwari - silkworms , kuma ƙudan zuma. Yau, ɓullo hanyoyi na yin amfani da wadannan sauki, wato, microsporidia, domin magance kwari. Alamar rahama sakamakon da aka samu a cikin wannan shugabanci.

marine protozoa

Wannan din kungiyar sauki taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar sedimentary kankara. Wannan ya shafi musamman radiolarians da foraminifera. Mutane da yawa chalky adibas, limestones da sauran sedimentary kankara kafa a daban-daban ma'aunan kasa sau kan seabed kududdufai, partially ko kafa cikakken skeletons (siliceous ko calcareous) m protozoa. Micropaleontological analysis haka za'ayi a ma'aunan kasa surveying, musamman a hakar mai.

Amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje yi

A dakin gwaje-gwaje yi amfani da yadu iri daban-daban protozoa (ciliates, amoeba) ga biophysical bincike, kwayoyin da cytological matsaloli. Dabara dakin gwaje-gwaje al'adu ne da aka tsara. Protistology - ne kimiyya da cewa hulda da binciken daga cikin sauki.

microanatomy

Shi ne wani tsarin da wani cell ne cikin sauki, dogara da farko a kan hanyar rai na wani jinsin, kazalika da ta physiological adaptations. Ka lura da cewa akwai da yaushe daya ko fiye tsakiya kewaye da wata biyu membrane. Wannan ƙarshe ya yarda da masana kimiyya ya sa kamanta bincike na tsanaki kungiyoyin protozoa. A tsakiya ne chromosomes. Su wajabta gaban a duk nau'in kuma taimaka gano kamanta halaye na halittun protozoa. Photo ciliates da aka gabatar a kasa.

Tsakiya ciliates kullum fada cikin iri biyu: daya ko fiye micronuclei kananan da kuma daya manyan macronucleus. Sel daga wasu daga cikin sauki Multi-core. Major taxonomic kungiyoyin halin gaban vacuoles protozoa. Wannan sarari aka rabu da sauran na cytoplasm membrane. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin siffofin da size. Vacuoles ake kawota zuwa nike abinci, da kuma zuwa jari da kuma zubar da m da ruwa kayayyakin da metabolism. Bugu da kari, sun za a iya amfani da shiri na algae, da samar masu, cewa shi ne mafi sauki kwayoyin photosynthesize Organic. A vacuoles da cytoplasm wasu jinsunan dauke da pigment granules. Bugu da kari, su tsarin kasaftawa plastids - kwayuka musamman Tsarin wadda dauke da pigments hade tare da aiwatar da photosynthesis. Da lambar kuma siffar dogara ne a kan nau'in, wato, ya kasance a cikin rarrabuwa sharudda. A karkashin wasu sauki m membrane zubar ekstrusomy, "harbi" organelle. Wannan, misali, mukotsisty secreting gamsai kuma trichocysts, emitting bakin ciki filament. Zai yiwu sun bauta wa kare. Mun kawai yi kamar yadda flagella. Dangane da irin su iya zama daga daya zuwa da yawa. Wannan thread-kamar locomotor da wasu gabbansa da wani hadadden tsarin na ciki tsaye microtubules. Bisa ga manufa na aikin da tsarinta, da sũ suke sãɓa muhimmanci daga flagella na kwayoyin. A musamman, su ne halayyar flagellates. Bari mu ce 'yan kalmomi game da su dabam.

Flagellate flagella amfani da su haifar da ruwa igiyoyin da / ko locomotion, sabõda haka suka samu abinci. Wannan din sauki kungiyar hada da wani jam'i na kamar parasites, kuma free-rai siffofin da symbionts dabbobi. Akwai guda-celled polienergidnye monoenergidnye da kuma tsari, kazalika da kwayar kuma mulkin mallaka. Domin flagellates a general da hali to osmotrofnomu abinci mai gina jiki da kuma kananan size Kwayoyin. Ko da yake akwai daga cikinsu fagotrofnye manya-manyan siffofin.

Cilia flagella kama, amma suna guntu kuma ko da yaushe ya samar da wata dukan gidaje a kan wani cell da kuma tsara aiki. Da rarraba da juna na cilia a kan surface - wani muhimmin alama na rarrabuwa zartar da taxonomic kungiyoyin na protozoa.

Kada mu bi da su crustaceans, duk da haka, wasu wakilan daga cikin sauki rufe mineralized ko Organic Sikeli ko bawo na bawo, daban-daban a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin. Bugu da kari, za su iya zama da wuya kwayuka kwarangwal, wanda yawanci shi ne wani hadadden raga tsarin.

abinci

Game da Physiology, da wakilan wannan taxonomic kungiyar ne ko dai autotrophs (cewa shi ne, su photosynthesize kwayoyin) ko heterotrophs (sha shi daga yanayi) ko mixotrophy (amfani da sama hanyoyi biyu zuwa iko). Heterotrophs iya tsotse up surface Kwayoyin solutes. A wannan yanayin da ake kira osmotrofami. Bugu da kari, za su iya hadiye m abinci ta hanyar da dama sunadaran, sa'an nan aka kira su fagotrofami. Abinci fagotrofov iya hada wasu kwayoyin. A musamman, za su iya ci sauran protozoa. Wani lokaci, domin su kama shi su bi ganima.

kasafi

Daga cikin cell a cikin waje matsakaici musayar m kayayyakin samu ta amfani da Fusion vacuoles dauke da su, tare da matsanancin membrane. Yana wani lokacin yakan faru a cikin wani kwazo rabo daga gare shi (tsitoprokte, cell poroshitse). Contractile vacuoles an rayayye pumped fitar da wuce haddi ruwa da kuma na rayuwa sharar narkar da shi.

numfashin

Faye hali taxonomic kungiyoyin protozoa iya supplemented da siffofin na numfasawa. Yana iya zama ko dai oxygen-free (anaerobic) da kuma bukatar oxygen yanayi da cewa shi ne aerobic. Oxygen ga obligate anaerobes ne cutarwa, kuma suka mutu a wani yanayi mai arziki a cikin su. Wasu nau'in a cikin ruwa habitats, matalauta su, suka numfashi ta hanyar symbiotic kwayoyin. Kamar wancan ne da kudi a da wannan tsari na faruwa ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga zafin jiki da kuma dogara a kan irin metabolizable substrate, Ina nufin cleavable kwayoyin, kazalika da taxonomic kungiyar.

haifuwa

Description din kungiyoyin kawai cikakken haifuwa halaye. Sun iya haifa asexually. A wannan yanayin, da cell ne zuwa kashi a yawan rassa. Duk da haka, da suka iya gudanar da wannan tsari da kuma jima'i, tare da sa hannu na biyu Kwayoyin. Wadannan hanyoyin da ake wani lokacin alternated dangane da abin da Stage da rai sake zagayowar. Jam sel (kira a matsayin gametes) ci a jima'i haifuwa, ko da ya lura wucin gadi dangane (Tasrifu) biyu al'ada Kwayoyin, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani canji na hereditary abu therebetween. Idan tattara abubuwa masu kyau gametes externally kusan m, muna magana ne game da isogamy. Idan daya daga cikinsu da size ne ya fi girma sosai, ce game da anisogamy.

Hakika, mun kawai a takaicce bayyana din kungiyoyin daga cikin sauki. Biology - da kimiyya, karatu da za ka iya samu a dukan sabon duniya. Our idanu ba su iya rarrabe micro-kwayoyin, amma kimiyya yale mu mu gan su. Kafin mu bayyana halittu. Misalan wadannan su ne daban-daban din kungiyoyin na protozoa. Rhizomes, sporozoans, ciliates, flagellates da sauran kwayoyin ne sosai ban sha'awa a mutunta mutane da yawa.