Biology: wani lokaci da cewa yana nufin? Abin da masana kimiyya na farko samarwa da amfani da kalmar "nazarin halittun"?

Biology - wani lokaci da cewa yin kira ga dukan tsarin na kimiyyar. Ta a general nazarin halittu masu rai, kazalika da su hulda da yanayi. Biology ya duba gaba daya duk al'amurran rayuwa, da kowane mai rai gabar, ciki har da juyin halitta, hali, ta asali, haifuwa da kuma girma.

Lokacin da ya yi da kalmar "nazarin halittun"? A matsayin mai raba kimiyya, shi ne kawai ya fara bayyana a cikin farkon XIX karni. Kuma wanda ya buga da Kalmar "nazarin halittun"? Wannan za ka koyi on.

Tsufa da kuma haihuwar farko nazarin halittu tarbiyya

Kafin ka san a lokacin da akwai wani ajali "ilmin halitta", ya kamata a yi kadan magana game da haihuwa da horo da kanta. An yi imani da cewa tsoho Greek Falsafa Aristotle farko aza harsashin ginin da nazarin halittu kimiyyar - kafuwar sciences kamar ilmin dabbobi da kuma o. Archaeologists sun samu mai yawa abu kayayyakin gargajiya, wanda aka rubuta ayyukan Aristotle a kan dabbobi. Ya farko kawo sunayensu da mahada tsakanin wasu iri dabbobi. Wannan Aristotle ya lura cewa duk zata tsage-hoofed dabbobi tuƙa.

Daidai da muhimmanci malamai a fagen ilmin halitta Dioscorides dauke, wanda a cikin rayuwarsa ya sanya mai girma jerin magani shuke-shuke da aka bayyana su mataki (na domin na ɗari shida da shuke-shuke).

Wani tsoho Falsafa Theophrastus, rubuta wani m aiki mai taken "Nazarin a kan tsire-tsire." A da shi ya ci gaba da tunani na Aristotle, amma kawai game da shuke-shuke da dũkiyõyinsu.

Middle Ages

Wa buga da Kalmar "nazarin halittun" kuma a lokacin da ya faru? Don magana game da shi shi ne har yanzu ma da wuri, saboda bayan faduwar Yammacin Roman Empire, da yawa basira, ciki har da wadanda na magani da kuma ilmin halitta da aka rasa. Larabawa a farkon tsakiyar zamanai kama sararin ƙasa, kuma a hannuwansu da ayyukan Aristotle fada - a bãyan sun aka fassara a cikin Larabci.

A Sabunta karni da babbar nasara cimma by Arab masu bincike a fagen o da kuma ilmin jikin mutum. A ilmin dabbobi babban rabo mai girma ya cimma Arab marubuci - Al Dzhahis wanda farko sun ka'idantasu game da juyin halitta, kamar yadda aka samarwa da ka'idar da abinci sarkar.

Al Danavari zama kafa na o a cikin Larabawa duniya. Kamar Aristotle, Al Danavari bayyana game da ɗari shida da jinsunan shuke-shuke, kazalika da ci gaba da kuma ci gaban zamani na kowane daga cikinsu.

Wuce yarda girma taimako ga ci gaban ilmin halitta da kuma magani musamman ya sanya Arab likita Aviatsenna. Ya rubuta wani sanannen littafinsa "The Canon of Medicine", wanda ya zauna a cikin sabis da Turai da likitoci da XVIII karni, m. Shi ya ba 'yan adam Aviatsenna pharmacology da aka bayyana a farko na asibiti binciken cewa kara tsanani tasiri a kan binciken na mutum ilmin jikin mutum da kuma hanyoyin da cuta iko.

Ibn Zuhr karatu da yanayin wata cuta, kamar scabies, da kuma gudanar da m ayyukan, da kuma na farko na asibiti gwaje-gwajen a dabbobi. A na da Turai, da binciken na magani da kuma kimiyyar kamar o, ilmin dabbobi, ba a mika, da farko saboda tasirin da cocin Katolika.

Renaissance da sha'awa cikin magani, ilmin halitta

A cikin Renaissance, da kalmar "nazarin halittun" an har yanzu ba a sani ba. Amma coci ta matsayi ya raunana da yawa, da kuma masana kimiyya, mafi yawansu a Italiya, ya fara daukar wani amfani a o, ilmin dabbobi, Anatomy da kuma magani - sun soma nazarin ayyukan tsoho kimiyya Figures.

Tuni a cikin XVI karni, Dutch masanin kimiyya Vesalius aza harsashin ginin zamani ilmin jikin mutum. Don rubuta nasu harkokinmu, ya dissected jikin mutum da kuma nazarin tsarin da kayan ciki.

Masu bincike koma ga m binciken na shuke-shuke, da cewa shi ne to o, tun gane cewa da yawa ganye ne quite karfi magani Properties da kuma taimaka a curing cututtuka.

A XVI karni da bayanin irin dabbobi da su hanya ta rayuwa ya zama cikakke bincike yankin domin nazarin duk aka sani fauna.

Babu kasa muhimmanci taimako ga ci gaban ilmin halitta sanya ta Leonardo Vinci, Paracelsus, wanda ya ci gaba da karatu Anatomy da kuma magunguna.

A XVII karni masanin kimiyya Gaspard Bauhin bayyana duk aka sani a lokacin da kasashen Turai, da shuka - fiye da dubu shida da jinsunan. Amya Harvey wanda gudanar da autopsy na dabbobi, ya sanya da dama muhimmanci binciken da suka shafi cikin wurare dabam dabam.

A XVII karni samo asali sabon nazarin halittu horo hade da microscope sabuwar dabara. Sabili da samu, mutane sun koyi game da wanzuwar microscopic guda-celled kwayoyin, wanda ya sa wani rawa a cikin al'umma. Sa'an nan da aka fara karatu da mutum maniyyi.

Wanne masanin kimiyya amfani da kalmar "nazarin halittun"?

A farkon karni XIX nazarin halittu tarbiyya samo asali a cikin wani cikakken fledged kimiyya, wanda aka gane ta kimiyya al'umma.

Saboda haka abin da masanin kimiyyar da shawarar yin amfani da Kalmar "nazarin halittun"? Lokacin ne wannan ya faru?

Kalmar "nazarin halittun" da aka samarwa da Jamusanci anatomist da physiologist Friedrich Burdach wanda ya} ware a cikin binciken na mutum kwakwalwa. Wannan taron ya faru a 1800.

Har ila yau, yana da daraja cewa ilmin halitta - wani lokaci da aka miƙa biyu sauran masana kimiyya, wanda bai san game da Burdach jumla. A 1802, Gottfried Treviranus da Jean Baptiste Lamarck layi daya ce game da shi. A definition na "ilmin halitta" ya zama sananne ga dukan masana kimiyya aiki a cikin wannan shugabanci.

Biology a cikin XIX karni

Yanzu da ka san wanda buga da Kalmar "ilmin halitta", shi ne don magana game da kara ci gaba. Daya daga cikin key ayyukan XIX karni aka littafin na Charles Darwin ta "The Origin of Species." A daidai wannan lokaci, masana kimiyya sun samu muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance tsakanin matattu tambaya da rai halittu. Likitoci da masana kimiyya ci gaba da yin gwaji a kan dabbobi, wanda ya ba da wata babbar goyon baya a cikin fahimtar da kayan ciki.

Biology a XX karni

Pharmacy da sauran tarbiyya ya fundamentally canza gano Mendeleev - ya halitta da ake kira na lokaci-lokaci tebur. Bayan da aka gano na lokaci-lokaci masana kimiyya ya gano chromosomes a matsayin yan dako a kayyade.

Auren fito a matsayin farkon a matsayin 1920s. A kimanin daidai wannan lokacin, ya fara nazarin bitamin da kuma su aikace-aikace. A cikin marigayi 1960s, an rubuce DNA code, wanda ya kai ga zargin nazarin halittu tarbiyya kamar kayyade aikin injiniya. Ta halin yanzu tsunduma a aiki nazarin kwayoyin halittu na mutane da dabbobi, kazalika da neman hanyoyin da za a canza ta hanyar gudanar da yanki na maye gurbi.

Development of ilmin halitta a cikin XXI karni

A XXI karni, da yawa matsalolin kasance warware matsalar ba. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci shi ne matsalar da asalin rayuwa a duniya. Har ila yau, masu bincike sun ba kai ijma'i a kan wannan tambaya da yadda akwai wani triplet code.

Very aiki masana kimiyyar da kuma jinsi aiki a kan batun na tsufa. Masana kimiyya suna kokarin fahimtar me ya sa kwayoyin shekaru, da kuma abin da ya haddasa tsufa tsari. Wannan matsala ne ake kira daya daga cikin mafi girma da asirai daga mutãne, da bayani da wadda za ta har abada canza duniya.

Babu kasa aiki masu bincike, da kuma musamman o, aiki a kan matsalar da asalin rayuwa a sauran duniyoyi. Irin wannan nazarin zai taka babban rawa a cikin bincike na m sarari da kuma sauran duniyoyi.

ka'idodinta Biology

A cikin duka, akwai biyar da muhimman hakkokin ka'idojin. Sun gama cikakken duk nazarin halittu tarbiyya a daya guda kimiyya na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, sunansa - ilmin halitta. A lokaci ya hada da wadannan ka'idodin:

• Juyin Halitta - wani tsari na ci gaba da wani rai gabar, a cikin abin da wani canji a cikin kwayoyin code na wani kwayoyin.
• Energy - makawa sifa wani rai gabar. A dunƙule dai, da ya kwarara da makamashi, da kawai m, tsiraru da tabbatar da rayuwa da kwayoyin.
• Cell ka'idar (cell - ainihin naúrar na halitta mai rai). All Kwayoyin na jiki Kwatsam daga guda kwai. Su haifuwa ne saboda da rabo daga daya cell cikin biyu.
• gene ka'idar (a kananan rabo daga cikin jigidar halittar DNA, wadda ke da alhakin ajiya da kuma watsa kayyade bayanai daga tsara zuwa tsara na gaba).
• Homeostasis - wani tsari na kai-tsari na jiki da kuma mayar da balance ga matsayin.

nazarin halittu tarbiyya

A halin yanzu Biology - a wani ajali wanda ya hada da dama da dozin batutuwa kowanne daga abin da yake na musamman, amma shi ya shafi dukan ambata a sama ka'idojin wannan kimiyya.

Daga cikin mafi m batutuwa ne:

• Anatomy - da horo cewa karatu da tsarin kwayar kwayoyin, da sifa da aiki na kayan ciki.
• O - wani horo cewa hulda da nazarin tsire-tsire zalla kamar yadda kwayar kuma unicellular kwayoyin.
• Virology - wani muhimmin sashe na ilimin halittu kanana, wanda aka karatu da kuma wajen magance kawo hadari ga mutane, kazalika da dabba ƙwayoyin cuta. A lokacin, virology - wani makami don yaki da ƙwayoyin cuta, sabili da haka ajiye miliyoyin mutane.
• Auren da kuma kayyade aikin injiniya - da kimiyya da karatu da dokoki na gadar hali da kuma bambancin da kwayoyin. A karshen kulla tare da magudi da kwayoyin halittu, wanda ya sa ya yiwu don gyara kwayoyin, kuma ko da haifar da sababbi.
• Ilmin dabbobi - da kimiyya da hulda tare da nazari na dabba duniya, ko, mafi kawai, fauna.
• Lafiyar Qasa - da kimiyya da karatu da hulda da kowane mai rai gabar zuwa wasu kwayoyin, kazalika da hulda da kuma duniya.

Yanzu ka san abin da masanin kimiyya buga da Kalmar "ilmin halitta", wata hanya ce ta ci gaban wannan kimiyya ya wuce. Muna fatan cikin bayanai da aka amfani.