Number ka'idar: ka'idar da yi

Akwai da dama ma'anar kalmar "ka'idar lambobi." Daya daga cikin su ya ce shi ne na musamman reshe na lissafi (ilmin lissafi ko sama da), wanda ya yi nazarin a daki-daki, ga dukan lambobin da abubuwa kama su.

Wani definition ƙayyade cewa wannan reshe na lissafi karatu da kaddarorin na lambobi da kuma da hali a yanayi daban-daban.

Wasu masana kimiyya yi imani cewa ka'idar ne don haka sararin cewa shi ba a daidai definition ne ba zai yiwu ba, kuma da ku kawai raba up a cikin ƙasa da girma theories.

Saita dogara idan samo asali ka'idar lambobi, shi ne ba zai yiwu. Duk da haka, kawai shigar: a yau mafi tsufa, amma ba kawai daftarin aiki da nuna sha'awa ga tsoho ka'idar lambobi, shi ne a kananan gutsure ne daga lãkã kwamfutar hannu 1800s BC. Yana - mai yawan da ake kira Pythagorean triples (na halitta lambobi), da yawa daga wanda ya kunshi biyar alamomi. A babbar yawan triples zame su inji selection. Wannan ya nuna cewa amfani a fili da ka'idar lambobin tashi da yawa a baya fiye da masana kimiyya asali tunani.

Mafi shahararren 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a ci gaba da ka'idar da Pythagoreans dauke Euclid da Diophantus, wanda ya rayu a tsakiyar zamanai Indiyawan Aryabhata, Brahmagupta da Bhaskara, kuma ko da daga baya - Fermat, Euler, Lagrange.

A farkon karni na ashirin da lambar ka'idar da ya ja hankalin masu irin wannan ilmin lissafi yan baiwa kamar yadda A. N. Korkin, E. I. Zolotarov, A. A. Markov, B. N. Delone, DK Faddeev, I. M. Vinogradov, G .Veyl Selberg.

Tasowa, da kuma zurfafa lissafin da kuma nazarin na zamanin d lissafi, suka kawo ka'idar zuwa wani sabon, yafi hakan matakin, rufe yankunan da yawa. A-zurfin bincike da kuma search for sabuwar shaida da suka kai ga gano sabon matsaloli, wasu daga wanda ba a yi karatu har yanzu. Zama bude: Artin jarrabawa na rashin iyaka yawa primes, wannan tambaya na da iyaka yawan primes, da yawa wasu theories.

A halin yanzu babban aka gyara, wanda ya kasu kashi lambar ka'idar, ka'idar ne: na farko, manyan lambobi na bazuwar lambobi, analytical, algebraic.

Elementary lambar ka'idar hulda da nazarin integers, ba tare da jawo dabaru da kuma matsalolin daga sauran rassan lissafi. Fibonacci lambobi, kananan Fermat ta karshe Theorem, - wadannan sun fi na kowa, da sanannun ko da zuwa makaranta Concepts daga wannan ka'idar.

A ka'idar manyan lambobi (ko dokar manyan lambobi) - karamin sashe yiwuwa ka'idar, neman tabbatar da cewa ilmin lissafi nufin (a kan wani - wani talakawan yatsa) manyan samfurin na kusa da fata (wanda kuma ake kira msar tambayar talakawan) da samfurin a karkashin yanayin da tsayayyen rarraba.

A ka'idar bazuwar lambobi, raba duk abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tabas, deterministic da kuma bazuwar, kokarin sanin yiwuwar hadaddun yiwuwa na sauki events. Wannan sashe ya hada da kaddarorin na matukar yiwuwa kuma su multiplication Theorem, Theorem shiriritar (sau da yawa ake kira Bayes 'dabara) da sauransu.

Nazari da lambar ka'idar, kamar yadda ya bayyana a sarari daga sunanta, a nazarin ilmin lissafi yawa da kuma na lamba Properties daga cikin hanyoyin da dabarun na ilmin lissafi analysis. Daya daga cikin manyan kwatance da wannan ka'idar - hujja (ta amfani da hadaddun analysis) kan rarraba Firayim lambobi.

Algebraic Number Theory aiki kai tsaye tare da lambobi da su analogues (msl, algebraic lambobi), da karatunsa ka'idar divisor kungiyar cohomology Dirichlet aiki da dai sauransu.

A bayyanar da kuma ci gaban da wannan ka'idar ya jagoranci ƙarni-tsohon yunkurin tabbatar da Fermat ta Theorem.

Har karni na ashirin, ka'idar lambobin da aka dauke da wani m kimiyya, "tsarki art na lissafi", ba da ciwon babu albarkacin m ko utilitarian aikace-aikace. Yau, shi da ake amfani a ƙidãyar Hikimar ladabi, a kirga da trajectories na tauraron dan adam da kuma sarari bincike, shirye-shirye. Tattalin arziki, harkokin kudi, kwamfuta kimiyya, binciken kasa - duk wadannan kimiyyar yau ne yiwuwa ba tare da ka'idar lambobi.