Biophysics - Halittu sciences ne .... kwayoyin biophysics

Daya daga cikin mafi tsoho sciences ne, ba shakka, ilmin halitta. Mutane ta sha'awa a cikin matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin su da kewaye yake samo asali da dama shekara dubu kafin mu zamanin.

Sauraron yadda ake gudanar da dabbobi, da shuke-shuke, na halitta matakai, wani muhimmin bangare na rayuwar mutane. A tsawon lokaci, na tara mai yawa na ilimi, da inganta da kuma raya hanyoyin da binciken yanayi da kuma sunadaren da abin da ke faruwa a cikin shi. Wannan ya haifar da zargin da yawa sassan cewa yin up a total na hadaddun kimiyya.

Halittu bincike a fagage daban-daban na rayuwa sa shi yiwuwa a sami muhimmanci da sabon data suna da muhimmanci ga fahimtar biomass na'urar duniya. Amfani da wannan ilimi ga m adam dalilai (sarari bincike, magani, aikin noma, sinadaran masana'antu da sauransu).

zamani ilmin halitta

Yau, cimma wannan multifaceted kimiyya iya cimma da yawa m sakamakon. Saboda haka, kimiyyar zamani yayi wani yawan mafita ga matsalolin da mutum cuta daga kufan ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin. Sai ya zama, zai yiwu ya zama a cikin sarari ba tare da rauni game da watanni 3, da yin amfani da oxygen a matsayin tushen microorganisms ko unicellular shuke-shuke.

Mutane da yawa binciken ya haifar da nazarin halittu bincike a cikin filin na ciki da tsari da kuma aiki na duk rayuwa. Karatu da kwayoyin abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin, su microstructure, ya zama ruwan dare da kuma karatu da yawa daga cikin kwayoyin halittu na mutum genome da dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke. The isa yabo na fasahar binciken halittu, salon salula da kuma kwayoyin aikin injiniya da damar zuwa samu dama ta girbi kakar shuke-shuke da kuma nuni dabba breeds cewa ba more nama, madara da kuma qwai.

Karatu microorganisms yarda ka samu maganin rigakafi da kuma haifar da dubun ko daruruwan alluran, kyale lashe wani iri-iri na cututtuka, har ma da wadanda cewa a baya m annoba da'awar dubban rayukan mutane da dabbobi.

Saboda haka, kimiyyar zamani na nazarin halittun - yana da marasa iyaka yiwuwa na bil'adama da yawa a cikin fagagen ilimi, masana'antu da kuma adana na kiwon lafiya.

Nau'in Halittu Sciences

Daya daga cikin na farko sassan kasance masu zaman kansu kimiyya na ilmin halitta. Kamar o, ilmin dabbobi, Anatomy da kuma taxonomy. Daga baya suka fara samar da karin da dogara a kan fasaha da kayan aiki na tarbiyya - ilimin, virology, Physiology, da sauransu.

Akwai da dama na matasa da kuma m kimiyya, kafa kawai a-XX XXI karni da kuma taka babban rawa a cikin zamani ci gaban ilmin halitta.

Akwai ba daya amma da dama sukayi fassara, wanda za a iya ranked nazarin halittu kimiyyar. Lissafa su quite ban sha'awa a cikin dukkan lokuta, la'akari da daya daga cikin su.

Saboda haka, mu yi kokarin rufe babban iri-iri, wanda suna nazarin halittu kimiyyar. Jerin ne ci gaban da dabaru da kuma hanyoyin da nazari yana faɗaɗa bayansa. Saboda haka, guda rarrabuwa na ilmin halitta ba ya wanzu a yau.

Advanced Bioscience da su ma'anar

Domin ƙarami, wani zamani kuma m kimiyya na ilmin halitta ne, kamar:

• fasahar binciken halittu;
• ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu.
• sarari ilmin halitta.
• biophysics.
• Biochemistry.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan kimiyyar da aka kafa ba a baya XX karni, kuma haka an dauke su da wani matashi, hanzari tasowa, da kuma mafi muhimmanci ga m aiki na mutum.

Bari mu zauna a kan irin na su a matsayin biophysics. Yana da wani kimiyya, abin da ya bayyana a shekarar 1945 kuma ya zama wani muhimmin kashi na dukan nazarin halittu tsarin.

Mene ne biophysics?

Don amsa wannan tambaya, ya kamata mu fara nuna ta kusa lamba tare da sunadarai da kuma ilmin halitta. A wasu tambayoyi da iyakoki tsakanin sciences ne na yi kusa da shi ya wuya yin fitar wanda na su musamman da hannu a fifiko. Saboda haka la'akari biophysics tsaye a matsayin wani hadadden kimiyya da cewa karatu bayyanannun jiki da kuma sinadaran tafiyar matakai abin da ke faruwa a rayuwa tsarin a matakin kwayoyin, Kwayoyin, gabobin, da kuma a kan matakin na dukan biosphere.

Kamar kowane sauran, Biophysics - kimiyya yana da abu na binciken, Manufofi da makasudin, kazalika da mai kyau da kuma m sakamakon. Bugu da kari, wannan horo ne a hankali dangantaka da yawan sabon kwatance.

bincike da wuraren

Su ne nazarin halittu tsarin for Biophysics a daban-daban a matsayin kungiya.

1. Micro-kwayoyin (kwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin cuta, unicellular fungi da algae).
2. Protozoa.
3. Single Kwayoyin da su tsarin sassa (da wasu gabbansa).
4. Shuke-shuke.
5. Animals (ciki har da mutumin).
6. Kare Muhalli al'ummomi.

Watau Biophysics - nazarin da mai rai daga ra'ayi na jiki matakai gudana a cikin ta.

kimiyya manufofin

Da farko, biophysicists dawainiya sun tabbatar da wanzuwar jiki tafiyar matakai da kuma mamaki a cikin rayuwar abubuwa masu rai da kuma nazarin su, gano yanayi da kuma muhimmancin.

Modern matsaloli na wannan kimiyya za a iya tsara ne kamar haka:

1. Don nazarin tsarin kwayoyin halittu da sunadaran cewa raka su canja wuri da kuma ajiya, gyara (maye gurbi).
2. Duba da yawa al'amurran da cell Biology (cell hulda da juna chromosomal da kwayoyin interactions kuma sauran matakai).
3. Don karatu cikin hadaddun kwayoyin halitta suke polymer kwayoyin (sunadarai, nucleic acid, polysaccharides).
4. Cosmogeophysical bayyanãwa rinjayar dalilai a kan hanya na duk jiki da kuma sinadaran tafiyar matakai a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.
5. More warai ya bayyana da sunadaran da Photobiology (photosynthesis, photoperiodicity da sauransu)
6. Yi da kuma ci gaba da hanyoyin da ilmin lissafi tallan kayan kawa.
7. Don amfani da nanotechnology ga nazarin tsarin halitta.

Daga wannan jerin fili yake cewa da yawa daga biophysics karatu da muhimmanci da kuma tsanani matsaloli na zamani al'umma, da kuma sakamakon wannan kimiyya ne da muhimmanci ga mutumin da yake da rai.

A tarihin

Biophysics matsayin kimiyya samo asali gwada da kwanan nan - a cikin shekarar 1945, lokacin da Erwin Schrödinger buga aikinsa "Mene ne rayuwa daga ra'ayi na kimiyyar lissafi." Shi ne ya yi farko lura da nuna cewa da yawa daga cikin dokokin kimiyyar lissafi (thermodynamic dokokin na jimla makanikai) ne wurin zama ne a cikin rayuwa da kuma aiki da kwayoyin halittu masu rai.

Godiya ga aikin mutum kimiyya biophysics fara ta m ci gaba. Amma ko da a baya, a 1922, Cibiyar Biophysics, halitta a Rasha, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin P. P. Lazarev. Akwai aka janye wani muhimman hakkokin rawa a cikin nazarin yanayin zumudi daga kyallen takarda da kuma gabobin. A sakamakon haka shi da katin shaida na tamanin da ions a cikin tsari.

Sa'an nan a jerin binciken daban-daban masana kimiyya yale mu mu fahimci cewa biophysics - An complete, capacious da hadaddun kimiyya da ake bukata a fahimci duk da matakai da ke faruwa a tsarin halitta.

1. Galvani bude wutar lantarki da kuma da muhimmancin ga rai kyallen takarda (bioelectricity).
2. A. L. Chizhevsky - uba da dama tarbiyya nazarin halittu tasiri a Muciya, kazalika da ionization radiation da elektrogemodinamiku.
3. The cikakken tsarin sunadarai na gina jiki da aka yi karatu ne kawai bayan gano X-ray diffraction Hanyar (X-ray analysis). Wannan ya yi da masana kimiyya Perutz da Kendrew (1962).
4. A wannan shekarar, bude uku-girma tsarin DNA (Moris Uilkins).
5. Neher da Zachman Tsarin a shekarar 1991 sun iya samar da hanyar da kayyade da gida lantarki m.

A yawan sauran binciken kunna kimiyya biophysics zo ka hau kan wani tsanani da kuma m zamani a ci gaba da kuma samuwar.

Biophysics Forums

Akwai da dama na tarbiyya da cewa yin up wannan kimiyya. Ka yi la'akari da mafi asali daga gare su.

1. Biophysics na rikitarwa - la'akari duk da hadaddun sunadaran da kai-tsari daga kwayar kwayoyin (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, sinergogenez). Har ila yau, wannan horo da muke nazarin jiki bangaren na yanayin halitta na juya da kuma juyin ci gaban tafiyar matakai, matakan da kungiyar kwayoyin.
2. Bioacoustics da biophysics na azanci shine tsarin - karatu na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta azanci shine tsarin (hangen nesa, ji, liyafar, magana, da dai sauransu), hanyoyin da watsa shirye- shiryenta da daban-daban sakonni. Bayyana sunadaran da makamashi canji a ji daga cikin kwayoyin na waje tsoma (samuwar kasashe).
3. Irfanin Biophysics - ya hada da wani yawan podnauk tsunduma a cikin binciken Thermodynamics na nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai, gina ilmin lissafi model na tsarin sassan kwayoyin. Har ila yau, idan akai la'akari da sanadin motsi matakai.
4. Kwayoyin biophysics - idan akai la'akari da zurfin sunadaran da tsarin kungiyar da kuma aiki na biopolymers kamar DNA, RNA, sunadarai, polysaccharides. Shin gina model da graphics daga wadannan kwayoyin, da kuma hasashen hali na da samuwar tsarin halitta. Har ila yau, wannan horo da aka gina supramolecular da submolecular tsarin domin sanin yi na inji da kuma mataki na biopolymers a tsarin halitta.
5. Cell Biophysics. Nazarin mafi muhimmanci salula matakai: bambantawa, division, agitation da nazarin halittu iko da membrane tsari. Musamman hankali ne ya biya zuwa sunadaran da membrane kai na abubuwa, m bambanci, Properties da tsarin da membrane da ta kewaye sassa.
6. Biophysics metabolism. Babban tattauna matakai: photosynthesis, solarization da kuma karbuwa kwayoyin shi, hemodynamics, matakin zafi metabolism, da sakamako daga ionizing radiation.
7. Aiyuka Biophysics. Ya kunshi dama tarbiyya: bioinformatics, biometrics, biomechanics, nazarin juyin matakai da ontogenesis, pathological (likita) biophysics. Abubuwan nazari aiyuka Biophysics - musculoskeletal tsarin, hanyoyi na dabba ba a kanta, mutane gane hanyoyin da siffofin jikinta. Musamman da hankali ya zama likita biophysics. Yana ganin pathological tafiyar matakai a cikin jiki, da yadda da maimaitawa na lalace yankunan da kwayoyin ko Tsarin ko su diyya. Yana samar da kayan ga fasahar binciken halittu. Shi ne na mai da muhimmanci a cikin rigakafin cututtuka, musamman na kwayoyin halitta na kawar da nakiyar da kuma bayyana cikin sunadaran da mataki.
8. Biophysics mazauninsu - karatu jiki tasiri a kan biyu da na gida habitats na dabba da sakamako na kusa da na nesa sarari batutuwa. Kuma la'akari da biorhythms, da tasiri na yanayin yanayi da kuma nazarin halittu filaye a kan abu. Tasowa da hanyoyin da matakan hana illar da muhalli da yanayi.

Duk wadannan disciplines suna yin wata babbar gudummawa ga fahimtar da muhimmanci ayyuka na rayuwa tsarin, da sunadaran da tasiri a kan su na biosphere da yanayi daban-daban.

Recent ci gaba

Zaka iya kiran wasu daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da dangantaka da rabo daga biophysics:

• bude cloning sunadaran kwayoyin.
• A siffofin da canje rawar da nitric oxide a tsarin halitta.
• da interrelation na kananan da kuma Manzo RNA, wanda a nan gaba zai taimake ka ka gano mafita ga mutane da yawa kiwon lafiya matsaloli (kawar da cututtuka).
• bude autowaves jiki yanayi.
• saboda da aikin Kwayoyin Halitta Biophysics karatu al'amurran da kira da kuma kwafi na DNA, wanda ke haifar da da ikon haifar da wani fanni na sabon kwayoyi daga tsanani da hadaddun cututtuka.
• The kwamfuta model na duk halayen da bi tsari na photosynthesis.
• suka ci gaba da hanyoyi domin duban dan tayi jarrabawa na jiki;
• kafa tsakanin cosmogeophysical da biochemical matakai.
• annabta sauyin yanayi a duniya.
• bude dabi'u urokenazy enzyme a cikin rigakafin thrombosis cuta da kuma kawar da effects bayan bugun jini.
• kuma sanya da dama binciken na gina jiki tsarin, da jijiyoyi da kuma sauran sassa na jiki.

Cibiyar Biophysics a Rasha

A kasar mu akwai Moscow Jami'ar Jihar. M. V. Lomonosova. Bisa ga wannan ilimi ma'aikata aiki Biophysics Department. Shi ya shirya m kwararru zuwa aiki a wannan yanki.

Yana da muhimmanci a bayar da wani ingancin fara nan gaba kwararru. Suna jiran wani wuya aiki. Biophysicist zamar masa dole ya fahimci duk intricacies na matakai abin da ke faruwa a halittu masu rai. Bugu da kari, dalibai bukatar fahimta a kimiyyar lissafi. Yana wani hadadden kimiyya - biophysics. Lectures an gina a cikin irin wannan hanya kamar yadda ya wajaba a duk tarbiyya da hannu a biophysics da aka gyara, da kuma rufe shawara na biyu nazarin halittu da kuma ta jiki hali.