Simple categorical syllogism, kuma misalai na da amfani a shari'a yi

A dabaru, kamar yadda ka sani, an yi sama da aka amince, da kuma karshe. Daya daga cikin ainihin gini tubalan - da categorical syllogism - wannan ƙarshe, ranked ta cire, cewa shi ne, Tsayawa akan matsayin na musamman matsayi na wasu general. Yana asali daga biyu main muhawara ko parcels juna Generic lokaci. Tun da irin wannan muhawara ne kawai biyu, da syllogism aka kira sauki, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa parcels an amince (ko hana) wajen tantama, wannan mai sauki sanarwa kira categorical. A nan ne mai sauki misali na irin wannan hasashe. A farko shaida: "Dukan mutane masu mutum." Na biyu shaida: "Ivan - mutum." Kammalawa, shi ne da hukunci, saboda haka, shi ne: "Ivan - mutum" Kamar yadda muka gani, da gaskiya ko kuskuren duk parcels ba a dauke nan. Mu shiga don ba da gaskiya cewa rayuwar mutum ya kasance a kammala, da kuma Ivan kasance a cikin 'yan adam.

Wani misali na wannan unpretentious karshe, ba za mu iya ganin cewa mai sauki categorical syllogism na da tsarin. A wani hasashe predicate (kalmar tare da wasu maras bayyani darajar, a cikin yanayin - mutum wanda yake a) ne ko da yaushe fadi fiye da batun (Ivan). Saboda haka, parcels dauke da predicate aka kira a manyan, amma daya da ya hada da batun - kananan. Binds wadannan muhawara lokaci-tsakin M (matsakaici) - a cikin wannan harka, mutane, mutumin. Saboda haka, a shari'a yi bincike na ma'ana tattaunawa don fara da gano wani wuri a cikin shi da kuma predicate na magana, kazalika da kasancewar wani matsakanci tsakanin su.

A wannan bincike, ya kamata a lura da cewa mai sauki categorical syllogism dole ne dauke da wani axiom cewa ba a bayyana ba, amma akwai: duk abin da aka amince ko hana dukkan irin abubuwa shafi kowane abu na irin wannan. Saboda haka, irin wannan tsari zai zama daidai ba: 1. Men zama kakanninsu. 2. Peter - mutumin. 3. Peter - uba. A cikin wannan misali, da axiom na syllogism ba mutunta saboda ubanci aka bã su sãduwa zuwa dukan mutane. Saboda haka, a lokacin da gina inferences bukatar bi tsananin zuwa dokoki. Akwai kawai bakwai: uku daga cikinsu dangantaka da sharuddan, da kuma hudu - parcels.

Mulki daya: wani sauki categorical syllogism ƙunshi kawai uku sharuddan. Kowane karo na hudu - sau daya. A ganewa na daban-daban Concepts ya shafi kuskure. Ga misali: 1.Sidorov sãta. 2. Sidorov - suna. 3. The suna ya yi sata. Ga Sidorov da sunaye da ma'anoni dabam-dabam. Rule biyu: Kalmar wakili dole ne su kasance ba a gabatarwa. Idan mahada tsakanin predicate da kuma batun ba za a iya shigar ko shi ne unproven, da kuma syllogism zauna precarious: 1. Wasu mutane - kisan gillar. 2. Ivan za a iya kira wani mutum. 3. Ivan - kisa. Kuma a karshe, ta uku mulki. Idan ba ka yi amfani da kalma a cikin predicate shaida, amma shi ne ba a ƙarshe, zai zama ba daidai ba syllogism. Misalai na irin wannan wani kuskure za a iya bayyana kamar haka: 1. A Moscow yankin kisan hali. 2. St. Petersburg aka located a cikin Moscow yankin. 3. A St. Petersburg, ba wani kisan kai case.

Bugu da kari ga sharuddan da dokoki kamata ya bi dokoki na gabatarwa. A kalla daya daga cikinsu dole ne gudanar da wani bayani, saboda wani abu ya kafa shi, dole ne mu daga wani abu hanãwa. Idan daya daga cikin muhawara sa a gaba - musu, sa'an nan ƙarshe dole ne korau. Har ila yau, to sauki categorical syllogism aka samu daidai, akalla daya daga cikin muhawara sa a gaba da zama na wani janar yanayin da categorical hukunci. Kuma na karshe mulkin gabatarwa: idan a kalla daya daga cikinsu - mai zaman kansa, sa'an nan a ƙarshe dole ne masu zaman kansu. Ga misali: 1. The zargi za a azabtar (total shari'a). 2. Ivanov ya aikata laifi (musamman hali). 3. Ivanov ya kamata a hukunta.