Da farko, saukarwa da Sanadin Mai girma Arewa War. A sakamakon Arewa War

Abin da yake a cikin farkon karni na goma sha bakwai, Rasha kasashen waje da manufofin? Great Arewa War - gwagwarmayar da bakin tekun na Baltic Sea - da cewa shi ne asali da kuma mafi muhimmanci, a waɗannan shekaru. Yaƙin dade ashirin da daya da shekaru. Wasu kira shi da Great Arewa War, da kuma wasu - Ashirin Shekara. A general, da yaƙi tsakanin kawancen na arewacin} asashen Turai da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden daular fara a 1700 da kuma ƙare a 1721.

A kasashen da suka yi jihãdi da hurumin Baltic yankuna. Abin baƙin ciki, da yaƙi ya ƙare tare da shan kashi na Sweden. Amma da yaki ya ƙare, saboda mun duk, jima ko daga baya ya zo ga ƙarshe, da kuma matasa Rasha Empire aka kafa a Turai. Ta mallakar wani iko da jiragen ruwa da kuma wani m sojojin. Its babban birnin kasar ne St. Petersburg. Ya kasance a kan tudu na Baltic Sea.

Saboda haka, a kan shirin na King Augustus II na Poland da kuma Elector na Saxony Arewa Alliance an halitta. Wannan kungiyar da farko ayyana yaki kan Sweden. A Arewa Alliance ma shiga Rasha, karkashin jagorancin Bitrus I, da kuma Norwegian-Danish mulki, wanda shugaban ya Korol Kristian ta biyar.

Bayan jerin walƙiya nasarori a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden 1700 Arewa Union rushe. Bugu da ari, Denmark ya bar fagen fama a 1700, da kuma Saxony tattara a 1706. A Rasha jihar yana yaƙi da Swedes a kan nasu, amma ta 1709 da Northern Union aka mayar da. Akayi na Great Arewa War bambanta da juna: a gaskiya a kan Rasha gefen yi yaƙi Prussia, da Netherlands, da Hannover. Kuma Sweden ta farko fadace-fadace a taimake Ingila (tun 1707 - Great Britain), sa'an nan Holstein da Ottoman Empire.

Ukrainian Cossack tare da Zaporozhian Cossack rarrabu kuma wasu har goyan bayan Turks da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden, amma yafi gudummawar Rasha sojojin. A sakamakon haka, Rasha ya iya sake samu iko da tsoho Rasha kadarori a cikin Baltic States, rasa a lokatan wahala.

Me yaki?

Mene ne manyan Sanadin Mai girma Arewa War? Bari mu yi kokarin amsa wannan tambaya. An sani cewa a farkon karni na sha takwas Swedish Empire ya rinjaye kasar a cikin Baltic Sea. Bugu da kari, an dauki daya daga cikin manyan kasashe a Turai. Wannan shi ne jihar mallakar wani m ɓangare na Baltic Coast: Baltic sun hada da na yanzu, da dukkan bakin tekun na Gulf, wani ɓangare na kudancin bakin tekun na Baltic Sea.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin 1697, shugaban na Sweden da aka nada goma sha biyar Charles goma sha biyu. Makwabta Sweden kusantar da hankali ga matasa shekaru da kirgawa a kan wani sauki nasara: Yaren mutanen Norway-Danish mulki, Saxony da kuma Rasha ne kokarin yin kuka ga Sweden kan ta yankuna. Wadannan uku iko, Mun halitta da Northern Alliance, wanda ya kafa ya King of Poland da kuma Elector na Saxony Agusta II. Wannan mutumin ya so ya mallake Livonia (Livonia), kashi na Sweden da cewa zai karfafa ikonsa a cikin Commonwealth. Af, Livonia ƙare har a hannun Sweden daidai da yarjejeniya da Oliwa a 1660.

Abin da tura Denmark da rikici da Sweden? Hakika, da tsawo da-aka gudanar so ya mamaye Baltic Sea. An sani cewa a 1658, Carl Gustav X a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe a Danish Jutland m. Shi ne kuma a kudu na Scandinavian sashin kwace wasu larduna. Denmark ya ba da sama da tarin kudade, daga jirgi da ya wuce ta mashigar Zundsky. Af, biyu iko vied domin iko da kudancin makwabcin Denmark - duchy na Schleswig-Holstein.

Sanadin da Great Arewa War kuma karya a cikin wadannan: Rasha sarki Bitrus I, bayan tattaunawa da Augustus shiga cikin Northern Alliance karshe. Wannan taron da aka bayar a cikin nau'i na Transfiguration da kwangila. Land ikirarin Rasha zuwa Sweden hada Ingria da Karelia: wadannan kasashe da aka kama a lokacin matsaloli da Sweden daidai da kwangila Stolbovo 1617. Rasha ya kuma ba ƙi ci gaba da mamaye ƙasar, kuma Livonia, saboda su biyayya ga Rasha a cikin goma sha ɗaya zuwa karni tuna tarihin - da ƙasa na zamanin d tunani "patrimony" na Rasha shugabanni.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin aiwatar da yãƙi 1656-1658 ta Rasha sojojin ya iya domin a lokacin da za a zauna gabashin ɓangare na Livonia da Ingria. Russia kama Noteburg Nienschanz da Dinaburg, yaƙi Riga. Amma da yaki da Poland an sake maido da, da kuma Rasha da su sa hannu a yarjejeniya Kardissky - Sweden nasara da dukan ƙasashe da aka mayar da su.

Yana da ban sha'awa ga karatu da Sanadin Great Arewa War - ne key zuwa fahimtar m fadace-fadace. Saboda haka, Rasha ikon bayar da wani ciniki dangantaka da Turai via Arkhangelsk - kadai tashar jiragen ruwa a kan White Sea. Ga akwai wani nauyi, kuma sababbu kewayawa, wanda aka sosai wuya da cinikayya. Kuma a cikin filin na Shipbuilding da seafaring a kan White Sea ya da wani gagarumin backlog. A general, da saye da damar yin amfani da Baltic Sea an dauki wani muhimmin tattalin arziki aiki na Rasha.

Shin, ba shi da aka jera kyawawan kyau dalilin Arewa War? Af, a qananan factor a cikin zuwan yaƙi Rasha ya ƙarshe na yaki da Turkey. Konstantinoful yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu Yuli 3, 1700 da kuma 18 ga watan Agusta, da Turkey da aka ayyana a karshe zaman lafiya. A karshe a kan Agusta 19, Rasha ayyana yaki kan Sweden. Nan da nan duk Swedish kaya a cikin Moscow, ya fara kwace bisa ga sabuwar bayar dokoki. Su da aka cire a cikin ni'imar da Rasha taskar. A lokaci guda, ya aka kama a Moscow da kuma Sweden wakilin.

Casus belli dauke daban-daban matsaloli, musamman a sirri zargi a 1697. Bayan duk, shi ne to da cewa Bitrus I, tafiya zuwa Turai, Swedes sanyi hadu a Riga. A lokaci guda ƙasar da'awar da aka ambata ba.

fara yaƙi

Mahalarta taron na Great Arewa War sãɓã wa jũna a} oron. Alal misali, goma sha takwas shekara haihuwa Swedish King Karl XII ya "cikin soyayya da yaki." Ya na da wani bajimi dabara flair. Saboda haka, Swedes a farkon tashin sun iya lashe jerin manyan nasarori. Duk da haka, da jarumi warrior Karl XII ya mummunar siyasa: ya charted da kansa da kuma sojojin unfeasible yaki da nufin.

Ya main maƙiyi Bitrus na juya vysokoodaronnym kwamandan, soja strategist kuma Oganeza. Bugu da kari, sai aka dauke a sosai astute da talented jami'in diflomasiyyar. Hakika, ya aka fatalwa ta da gazawar a farkon yakin, amma a karshen kamfanin ya yi nasara. Bayan Karl XII sanya da yawa kuskure.

Battle of Arewa War a wasu hanya goyon kuma Ayuka Khan. Wannan Kalmyk m aka haife shi a Dzungaria. Ya yi gudun hijira zuwa shekara goma sha biyu a cikin Volga yankin, inda ya aka zayyana na farko Kalmyk taisha hordes. A Rasha hukumomi sun fara tattaunawar tare da Kalmyks, a lokacin da suke su ne iya yi abokantaka da su. Rasha a lokacin da manufofin da aka ƙarfafa Ayuka. Maimakon haka, ya yarda ta yin amfani da sojojinsa a cikin Great Arewa War fadace-fadace.

Denmark yaƙin neman zaɓe

Mahalarta taron na Great Arewa War, wato Saxon sojojin kewaye Riga Fabrairu 12 1700. Duk da haka, cikin mafarki na Augustus II aka ba ƙaddara ta a cika: Livonian sani ba gefe tare da maharan, da kuma division a watan Agusta na nasara ba a cimma. Sarki Frederick IV na Denmark, a watan Agusta na wannan shekara ta kai hari a Holstein-Gottorp duchy a kudancin jihar. Duk da haka, dubu goma Swedish sojoji, wanda ya jagoranci Karl XII, aka kama da mamaki Danes komai a fili kusa Copenhagen. Denmark da aka tilasta su karya da ƙawance da Augustus II: 7 ga watan Agusta ta ya shiga wata yarjejeniya Travendalsky.

Rasha Maris a kan Ingermanland

Kuma yanzu dubi babban events na Arewa War. An sani cewa a wani yarjejeniya da Konstantinoful Peter samu wani sako a 18 ga watan Agusta. An ba da aka sanar da cewa Denmark daina ayyukan soji, kuma haka a kan Agusta 19, ya ayyana yaki kan Sweden. A sakamakon haka, sojojin Rasha suka kaddamar da wani farmakin.

Tun da farko, Rasha ya sanya hannu a yarjejeniya tare da kungiyar Augustus II, bisa ga abin da shi ya yi maka Ingermanland (aka Yaren mutanen Sweden Ingria). Wannan kasa ne size na yanzu dace da Leningrad yankin.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a iyakar tsakanin Estonia da Ingermanland da aka sanya wani m birni da kuma babbar Swedish sansanin soja a cikin yankin - Narva. Wannan sansanin soja ya zama mai manufa domin Rasha kwamandojin.

Ko ba haka ba gaskiya, da matakai na Arewa War ne sosai bambancin da picturesque? La'akari da tafiya zuwa Narva. Yana da aka shirya da kaka, shi ne m. Abinci da aka wanda bai isa ba, da sojoji da aka yunwa. Horses, dauke da kayan aiki, ciyar da haka mugun cewa sun mutu-kashe ya fara. Daga cikin abubuwan, shi ya fara ruwa, hanya yanayin rincabewa a cikin kãyansu kuraye rurrushe a kai a kai.

Kullum Bitrus Ina so in tattaro kusa Narva kan mutum dubu sittin da sojoji. Abin baƙin ciki, da sojoji suka yi a cikin yankin sosai sannu a hankali da kuma tohon da tsare-tsaren da kuma lokaci na sarki. A sakamakon da kewaye daga Narva, 14 Oktoba, wanda ya samu halartar kawai 40 dubu sojoji.

A kewaye da Narva

Mene ne mafi shahara Great Arewa War? A takaice dai look at cikin kewaye da Narva. A taron da aka shirya talauci. Igwa da harbe-harben birnin tabbatar da m, kamar yadda sojojin Rasha amfani da bindigogi LBW. Bugu da ƙari, da isasshen harsasai kawai ga wani mako biyu.

Narva - wani sansanin soja da wani m biyu Ivangorod. Saboda haka Potru I, da kaina, don shirya da kewaye, shi ya budewa kamar yadda zai yiwu da sojojin Rasha, duka biyu a lokaci guda kewaye da sansanin soja. Irin wannan tsari ga Rasha sojojin ya kasance sosai m: na gaba lokaci yakin Narva, shi ya raunana su yãƙi iya aiki.

Abin da ya dauka Agusta II? Bayan samun bayanai game da m karbo daga yaki a Denmark, ya nan da nan ya dauki kashe Riga kewaye, suka tattara zuwa Kurland. A hanya na Arewa War ya canja: godiya ga ayyuka na Augustus II Karl XII ya iya canja wurin, na daga cikin sojojin ta ruwa a Pernau (Parnu). Ya sauka a can a kan Oktoba 6, ya tafi Narva, kewaye da Rasha sojojin.

Bugu da ari, a kan dare na Nuwamba 18, Janar-Field Marshal Count Golovin, tare da Peter na bar sojojin - suka tafi don su Novgorod. Ya kuma umarci babban umurnin da m daraja - baƙo ga Duke de Croy. The sojojin Charles XII Nuwamba 19, 1700 ya sa a Rasha sojoji a yakin Narva wani nauyi shan kashi. Abin sha'awa, sojojin da Sweden ƙidaya 25 dubu mutane, da kuma Rasha - game da dubu 40.

A lokacin da Northern War Fun mataki matsorata Duke de Croy, wanda ko da a gaban hukunci yaƙi ya Karl XII. Amma ya ba da sama ba daya, amma tare da sandarsa, hada da 'yan kasashen waje. Bayan duk asarar da Rasha sojojin ne har yanzu m zuwa Yaren mutanen Sweden yawan jama'a. Amma a kan Nuwamba 21, da girma da shi suka mika wuya a kan umarni na Duke na Croy.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa Life Guards Semenov kuma Life Guards regiments staunchly abũtar su ba daga cikin Swedes. Su ba kawai ya kasa su hana m capitulation, amma kuma ya rufe da mãsu bãyar da bãya daga cikin sojojin Rasha, game da shi, kare shi daga karshe shan kashi. Domin da ƙarfin hali ya nuna a wannan yaki, da rajimanti ta sojoji a 1700-1740 aka bayar da ja safa: a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da cewa "sun kasance a cikin wannan yakin da gwiwa a cikin jini."

A sakamakon yakin

Battle of Arewa War ƙare a hanyoyi daban-daban. Alal misali, sakamakon ayyukan soji a Narva a kan Rasha gefe ya m: asarar mortally rauni, matattu, kowa, nutsar da su, ya mutu daga sanyi da yunwa sun tsakanin takwas da dubu goma mutane. Bugu da kari, mutum ɗari bakwai da mutane, ciki har da goma generals da hamsin da shida sanda suka bauta, aka rasa 179 daga cikin 184 bindigogi. Yana wani bala'i.

A dalilan da shan kashi na sojojin Rasha

Wasu daga cikin fadace-fadace na Arewa War ƙare a shan kashi. Bari mu dubi dalilan da shan kashi na Rasha sojoji a yakin Narva. Na farko, da sojojin da aka disgustingly tattalin yaki tare da wani iko da abokan gaba. Haka kuma, shi ya kasance a mataki reorganization. Abu na biyu, sojojin talauci m, kuma bai sani ba yadda za a yaki da dokoki na mikakke dabara, gudanar da bincike manufa. Manyan bindigogi da aka antiquated da diversiform. A gaskiya ma, ta na da a lokacin akwai fiye da ashirin da biyar daban-daban calibers - wannan nuance sorely hampered ta samar da harsasai. Kuma a karshe, mafi muhimmanci: babu nasu kasa umurnin tsarin a cikin Rasha sojojin. Bayan duk, babban umurnin matsayi shagaltar da waje sanda.

A Turai, bayan da gazawar da 'yan shekaru muka yi imani da cewa Rasha sojojin shi ne kaucewa m domin fama. A lokaci guda Charles XII Swedish lakabi Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Menene babban events na Arewa War ya faru bayan da shan kashi na Rasha sojojin a Narva? Peter na dauki mataki na gaba: ya iyakance adadin waje jami'an a sojojin. su yanzu asusu domin kawai a na uku na jimlar yawan jami'an sashen.

Abin lura shi ne cewa kashi a Narva taka babbar rawa wajen ci gaban na sojojin Rasha da kuma tarihi da ke jihar. Tarihi Pokrovsky ce cewa duk Rasha bukatu a cikin yaki amounted zuwa wani riba damar zuwa teku, da cinikayya da kuma samun iko da Baltic mashigai. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Bitrus a farkon matakai na rikici ya biya musamman da hankali ga Baltic tashoshin jiragen ruwa - Riga da Narva. Abin baƙin ciki, ya sha kaye a Narva, kuma aka kõra su zuwa ga yankin na zamani St. Petersburg. Peter yanke shawarar gina wani sabon tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma garin a bakin Neva River - nan gaba babban birnin na Rasha Empire.

Rasha yaƙin neman zaɓe

Saboda haka, zan ci gaba da Arewa War. A takaice bayyana daga baya Rasha yaƙin neman zaɓe, amma capacious. Hakika, Peter na yaba da dalilan da ya sa sojojin Rasha suka ci a Narva. Yanzu ya aiko da cikakken m na kasar da kuma shirya runduna domin yaki da Sweden. Ya Halicci sabon yau da kullum da sojojin, inganta ta tsarin siga, tsarin na horo da kuma ilimi, yakan mallaki latest kayan aiki.

Ya Sabonta manyan bindigogi - rage yawan calibers, su yanzu akwai kawai 12. By tsari na Bitrus I don m lokaci na ɗari uku da sabon kayan aikin da aka wanda ya canja. Ya kamata a lura cewa wasu daga cikin bindigogi da aka sanya daga coci karrarawa kãma cikin taskar da kuma narke. A sakamakon haka, Peter kõma ƙarfi a bayan da gazawar da Narva da kuma sake maido da da m a arewa.

Battle a Ingria

Kamar yadda yaki ci gaba Arewa? A takaice bincika m hanya na events. An sani cewa babban sojojin na Sweden halarci fadace-fadace a Saxony da Commonwealth. Shan amfani da wani lokaci a 1701 Peter umurni zuwa arewa ya fara sabon m. Sa'an nan da sojojin Rasha umarta ta Boris Sheremetev suka kai hari Ingermanland (Ingria), sa'an nan mallakar Sweden, Disamba 30, 1701 at yakin Erestfere lashe a Arewa War domin farko nasara.

Duk da yake sojojin da Sweden umarta ta Janar Slippenbach. Kuma a cikin Yuli 1702 a yakin Gummelsgofa Rasha sojojin ci karo na biyu da ya hordes.

A sakamakon farkon 1703 a duk faɗin Neva sarrafawa Rasha.

Fadace-fadace a Estonia da Livonia

A general, da sakamako mai girma Arewa War aka ƙwarai rinjayi a 1703 - to ta kammala Rasha sarrafawa kusan dukan ƙasar Ingermanlandii. A 1704, da Rasha, sojoji ci gaba da m. Ta shi ne a karkashin umurnin Sheremeteva Borisa ta bazara 1704 ya zo Livonia yaƙi Dorpat. A sansanin soja da aka dauka a cikin watan Yuli 1704 tare da sirri hannu na Bitrus I.

Bin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, na biyu rukuni na Rasha sojojin yaƙi Narva da tafi Estland. Sa'an nan sojan umarta ta Ogilvy. Kuma Bitrus ya zo daga Dorpat, kuma da karshen lokacin rani, wannan sansanin soja da aka dauka. Yarda, storming na Bastille ya girma! Sojojin Rasha a cikin wannan aiki ya nuna su ƙãra basira da kyau kwarai kayan aiki na.

Yaren mutanen Poland yaƙin neman zaɓe

A lokacin da Northern War, Charles XII ya yi mai girma adadin yanke shawara. Ya yanke shawarar watsi da aiki tashin kan sojojin Rasha. Kuma ya yi nufin ya dam manyan buga wa sojojin a watan Agusta II. A general, da Yaren mutanen Sweden sarki so Poland zuwa wanzar da shi m monarch maimakon Agusta II. Ya yanke shawarar kirkiro daga Rzeczpospolita buffer zone tsakanin Rasha da kuma Swedes.

Bugu da ari, sojojin da Sweden a watan Yuli 1701, ba tare da gamuwa da ta dace rebuff, ya haye Dvina da kuma kama Livonia. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Yaren mutanen Poland yaƙi ya ƙare tare da kama shugaban Yaren mutanen Sweden da kuma nasarar da Rasha sojojin.

Mamayewa na Rasha

A sakamakon Arewa War ban sha'awa ga duk wanda ya ba sha'aninsu dabam to tarihi. Amma bari mu fara duba a 1707 - da dukan shekara Swedish sojojin a Saxony. A wannan lokacin, Karl XII iya rufe asarar da muhimmanci karfafa sojojin. Kuma a farkon 1708 Swedes tafi Smolensk. Wasu yi imani da cewa tun asali su shirya ya buge wata babbar duka a cikin shugabanci na Moscow. Peter amma ba ni da wani maƙiyi tsare-tsaren: Rasha matsayin da aka wuya da rana.

A Soja Council a Starish

Tamanin da Arewa War ne da ban sha'awa sosai, kowane nuance rinjayi ta sakamako. Alal misali, 11-13 Satumba 1708 a cikin karamin kauye na Smolensk majalisa na yaki na Swedish sarki ya generals. A da gabashin batu na motsi Sweden sojojin a lokacin da mamayewa na Rasha.

A soja yanke shawarar da tambaya na kara motsi na sojojin da Sweden. Wasu miƙa je Moscow via Smolensk, yayin da wasu so su matsa zuwa kudu, Ukraine. Abin baƙin ciki, sojojin da Sweden da ake bukata a sauran: sojojin ƙare tare da abinci da kuma harsasai sawa, mafi yawansu ba su da lafiya. Duk da haka Hetman Ivan Mazepa tabbatar da Swedes a cikin goyon bayan da Ukrainian, yawan, kuma suka yi zaba da motsi a cikin Ukraine.

Poltava

Hakika, da tarihi muhimmancin Great Arewa War manya-manyan for Rasha. Sun lashe Yuni 27, 1709 a cikin Battle of Poltava, wanda kũtsa kuma tare da m asarar precipitated da Swedes.

An sani cewa bayan wannan babbar yaƙi Karl XII a ɓoye, a cikin Ottoman Empire, wanda rarrashi Sultan Ahmed III dauki soja mataki da Rasha. Menshikov, daya daga cikin jarumi, ya ci sarauta sojojin Sweden, da Sarkin sarakuna Bitrus I for shan kashi a yakin Poltava girmama daraja da Field Marshal.

A sakamakon yakin

A sakamakon Arewa War m da kuma kimanta sosai daban. Wasu bayar da shawarar cewa da shan kashi na Sweden, musamman a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani iko da hadin (Saxony, Denmark, Rzeczpospolita), da kuma taimaka damar zuwa Rasha Baltic Sea shekaru ashirin da ba a bukata.

Mutane da yawa gane cewa yaki halin canza ma'auni na sojojin a cikin Baltic Sea: Rasha yanzu a cikin wannan yanki dadin mafi girma da tasiri. A key aiki kafa da Bitrus I, ba shakka, an warware - Rasha tsiwirwirinsu damar yin amfani da teku, da kuma fara kafa Maritime ciniki tare da Turai.

Ta yaya garambawul kokarin Peter Mai girma Arewa War? Garambawul, godiya ga ta, kawai sami wasu lokacinta. Ya kamata a lura cewa Bitrus ya ba daya biyu ba su daina ta gyara kokarin. Ya gudana ya gyara aikinsa, sun saboda soja matsaloli.

Ba zato ba tsammani, Mai girma Arewa War of 1700-1721 quite karfi da ya rinjayi Rasha - kasar samu tsanani tattalin arziki da alƙaluma da rikicin. Kuma a cikin tarihi na Finland, mafi wuya lokaci na yaki - daga 1714 zuwa 1721 - ya tafi a karkashin sunan mafi ƙiyayya. Sweden rasa ta tsohon ikon da ya juya a cikin qananan jihar.