Yaren mutanen Sweden King Charles 12: Tarihin rayuwa, tarihi, hotuna, shekarun rayuwa da gwamnati

Daya daga cikin sarakuna masu rinjaye na Scandinavia shine Yaren mutanen Sweden Charles Charles 12. A mulkinsa, rinjayen wannan kasar Scandinavia sun kai iyakar iyakokin su, amma tare da shi, saboda sakamakon nasara a cikin yakin, ƙarshen ikon Sweden ya ƙare. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruntaka na al'umma ko mai asara shine Charles 12 - Sarkin Sweden? Tarihin wannan masarautar zai ba mu damar fahimtar wannan batu.

Yara

Wane irin mutum ne shi - Swedish King Charles 12? Bayanan ɗan gajeren labarin wannan masarauta, kamar yadda ya kamata, fara da haihuwar mutum mai kambi. Wannan shine wannan zai zama farkon wurin mu.

Sabili da haka, an haifi Yarinya Charles Charles 12 a Yuni 1682 a babban birnin Stockholm. Mahaifinsa Sarkin Sweden Carl 11-Palatinate Tsvaybryukkenskoy daular, kuma uwarsa - Ulrika Eleonora, 'yar sarki Frederik na Denmark 3.

Charles 12 ya sami ilimi mai kyau a wancan lokacin, kamar yadda yake tabbatar da cewa mutumin nan yana da harsuna da dama.

Hawan Yesu zuwa sama zuwa kursiyin

Charles 11 ya mutu tun da wuri, yana da shekaru 41, lokacin da dansa ya kai shekara 14. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Charles 12 shine sarki Sweden. An yi masa kambi bayan mutuwar iyayensa a watan Maris 1697.

Duk da sha'awar mahaifinsa da balagaggunta, Charles 12 ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa shi yana da shekaru kuma ya ƙi gabatar da mulkin.

Rundunar sojan farko

Daga farkon shekarun mulkinsa, Karl 12, dan kasar Sweden, ya shiga cikin yakin basasa. Tarihin wannan mai mulki kusan gaba ɗaya ya ƙunshi fassarorin yaƙin yaƙin. A cikin wannan tashin hankali, matasan maximalism taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Charles 12 ya san cewa dole ne ya fuskanci rukuni na Rasha, Denmark da Poland, amma, duk da haka, bai ji tsoro ya shiga gwagwarmaya da waɗannan ƙasashe ba. Wasan farko ya aika da Denmark a shekara ta 1700. Ta haka ne ya fara Great War War.

Dalilin yaki shine harin da dan uwan Charles 12, Sarkin Denmark Frederick, ya yi a kan abokin adawar Friedrich Holstein-Gottorp. Takaddama tare da shi wani dan karamin sojoji, Charles 12 ya yi saurin walƙiya a babban birnin kasar - dan Copenhagen. Ƙaddara da hanzari na aiki na Yaren mutanen Sweden ya tilasta wa duniya duniyar Danish, wanda bai yi tsammanin irin wannan hanzari daga matasa Karl ba.

Gaskiyar batun mika wuya a Denmark ya haifar da mummunan fushi ga maƙwabtanta - Sarkin Poland na Augustus 2, wanda shi ma shi ne mai zabe na Saxony, da Tsar Bitrus na Rasha 1, daga bisani daga bisani ya lakabi Babban.

Yaƙi a cikin Baltics

Tuni a Fabrairu 1700 sojojin Saxon na Augustus 2 sun kewaye garuruwan Sweden a cikin Baltic jihohi. Ba da daɗewa ba, mafi karfi daga cikin wakilai na ƙungiyar anti-Swedish - Bitrus 1 - ya shiga fagen fama.

Rundunar sojojin Rasha ta kewaye garuruwan Baltic na Narva da Ivangorod, wanda shine Sweden. A cikin wannan yanayin, Charles 12 ya sake nuna maƙirarinsa da tunani mai sauri. A kan shugabancin balaguro, wanda ya yi nasara a kan Denmark, ya sauka a cikin Baltics. Duk da cewa sojojin dakarun Rasha karkashin jagorancin filin Marshal de Croix sun fi sau uku fiye da sojojin Swedes, Charles bai ji tsoro ba ya ba da babbar nasara. An samu sakamako mai kyau, kamar yadda Sweden ta lashe nasara gaba daya. Rundunar Sojan Rasha ta sha wahala da yawa da asarar dukiya, musamman, duk batir din da aka rasa.

Sarrafa kan Jamhuriyar Baltic by Charles 12 aka dawo.

War tare da Poland

Wanda yake gaba da Charles 12, tare da wanda ya kamata ya fahimci, shi ne shugaban Poland kuma a lokaci guda Saxon Elector August 2.

Dole ne a ce Augustus 2 na iya dogara ne kawai ga sojojin Saxon. A Poland, ya kasance baƙo, an gayyatar zuwa kursiyin. Bayan da sosai tsarin siyasa na Commonwealth hada da babu m Karkasa management, babba da 'yancin da nobility, wanda ya yi sarauta da iko ne quite rauni. Ba a ma maganar cewa a Poland akwai 'yan adawa ga Agusta 2, a shirye su goyi bayan Karl 12. The jagorancinsa shi taka leda magnate Stanislaw Leszczynski.

Swedish King Charles 12 a 1702 mamaye Poland. A cikin yakin Klishov, ya ci nasara a Augustus, 2 duk da cewa sojojinsa sun kasance sau biyu a matsayin mayakan abokan gaba. Swedes sun kama dukkan bindigogin abokan gaba.

A 1704, wakilan da Polish gentry, wanda goyon Charles 12, Agusta 2 da kuma hambararren shelar sarki Stanislava Leschinskogo. Tsarin mulki a kan kasa na Commonwealth King Stanislaw za a iya kafa ta tare da goyon bayan yarincin Sweden a shekarar 1706. Wannan ya faru ne bayan da Charlesus 12 ya ci nasara a watan Augusus 2 kuma ya tilasta wa wannan karshen don kammala zaman lafiya na Altransted, wanda ya yi watsi da kursiyin Poland, amma ya ci zabe a Saxony.

Trek zuwa Rasha

Saboda haka, a ƙarshen 1706, Rasha kawai ta kasance a cikin ƙungiyoyi na kasashen da ke adawa da Sweden. Amma irinta ta, kamar alama, an rufe shi. Rundunar Karl ta lashe nasara a kan mutanen Rasha, yayin da suke adawa da wasu jihohi. Yanzu, lokacin da Peter 1 ya rasa abokan tarayya, kawai mu'ujiza zai iya ceton mulkin Rasha daga cikakken mika wuya.

Duk da haka, yayin da Sarki Charles Charles 12 yana aiki tare da harkokin Poland, Bitrus 1 ya yi nasara a kan wasu garuruwan Baltic daga gare shi har ma ya kafa sabon birni - St. Petersburg. A halin da ake ciki, wannan al'amari na al'amuran ya jawo fushin masarautar Scandinavia. Ya yanke shawarar kawo karshen makiya tare da kisa ɗaya, ya kama Moscow.

Kamar lokacin yakin da Poland, kafin zuwan mamaye, Charles 12 ya sami abokai. A sakamakon haka, dan Yammacin Rasha Hetman Ivan Mazepa da Cossack Sergeant-manyan, wadanda basu yarda da hana 'yancin su ta hanyar mulkin tsarist ba, ya bayyana. Shi ne goyon bayan Mazepa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanke shawarar Karl ya koma Moscow ta hanyar kananan Rasha. Har zuwa lokacin karshe Bitrus 1 bai yi imani da wannan makirci ba, kamar yadda yake da aminci ga Cossack hetman, ko da yake ba a taɓa sanar da shi game da yarjejeniyar da aka yi tsakanin sarki Swedish da Mazepa ba. Bugu da kari, wani na hannun daman Charles 12, ya kamata ya yi Ottoman Empire, wanda a wancan lokaci ya kasance a yaki da Rasha iko.

A cikin shekarun 1708, sojojin Charles 12 sun shiga yankin Rasha, wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai zama mulkin Rasha. Yaren Sweden ya tafi Little Rasha, kuma Janar Lievenhaupt ya koma taimakon Baltic. A cikin watan Satumbar 1708, sojojin Rundunar Rasha sun ci nasara a kusa da Lesnaya, kuma ba su da lokaci su haɗa kai da sarki.

Yakin Poltava

Charles 12 (Sarkin Sweden) da Bitrus 1 suka hadu a 1709 a yakin Poltava, wanda masarautar Scandinavian ta kulla tsawon watanni. Wannan shi ne hakikanin ƙaddamarwar yaki ba kawai daga yakin Rasha ba, amma na dukan War War. Yaƙin ya kasance mummunan, kuma Sikeli sunyi wata hanya ko ɗaya. A ƙarshe, godiya ga mai basirar Bitrus 1, an rinjaye Swedes. Sun rasa kusan mutane dubu 10 da aka kashe da jikkata, kuma an kama mutane fiye da dubu biyu da dubu dari biyu da dubu dari biyu.

Charles 12 da kansa ya raunata kuma bace bace tare da mutane masu aminci, da barin mafi yawan sojojin zuwa rahama na rabo. Bayan wannan, sauran sojojin Sweden sun kama su a Perevolochny. Ta haka ne, yawan kama Swedes ƙara ta hanyar 10-15 dubu mutane.

Ga Rasha, akwai wani tashe-tashen hankulan da aka sassaukar da Sweden Charles Charles 12. Wani hoto na cocin da aka gina domin tunawa da wannan gagarumar tasiri a kan filin wasa an sanya shi a sama.

Dalilin shan kashi

Amma me yasa Charles 12 ya rasa yakin? Shekaru na mulkin wannan masarauta an nuna shi ta hanyar cin nasara mai girma a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Shin ainihin mashahurin Bitrus ne?

Tabbas, halayyar soja ta kasar Rasha ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nasara a kan Swedes, amma akwai wasu dalilai masu muhimmanci. Rundunar sojojin Rasha sau biyu, kuma watakila ma, sun wuce yawan mutanen Sweden. Ivan Mazepa, da taimakon ana sa ran saboda Carl bai iya shawo kan mafiya yawa daga cikin Cossacks zuwa ga gefen cikin Swedish monarch. Bugu da kari, Turks ba su da sauri tare da taimakon.

Wani muhimmiyar rawar da Karl ya takawa shi ne ya nuna cewa ba shi da sauƙi a gare shi ya ratsa ƙasar Rasha. Sojojinsa sun sha wahala da asarar bala'in da ba su da hasara da ke da alaka da ƙananan yakin. Bugu da} ari, ta rukunin sojan Runduna na Rasha, ta harbe shi, a kullum, da kuma ta ~ arta da kuma boyewa. Saboda haka, yawan asarar da sojojin Sweden suka yi a lokacin da yake kusantar Poltava ya kai kusan kashi uku na sojojin. Bayan haka sai Swedes ta ci Poltava a cikin wani watanni uku. Rundunar Sojan Rasha ba wai kawai sau biyu ba ne kamar yadda Swedes suke da lambobi, amma sun kasance maƙasudin sabo ne, da bambanta da sojojin da aka yi wa batutuwan.

Ya kamata a tuna da cewa ko da yake Charles 12 a lokacin yakin ya riga ya kasance babban kwamandan soja mai daraja, amma duk da haka yana da shekaru 27 kawai, kuma matashi yana abokin tarayya ne na kurakurai.

Zauna a cikin Bender

Sauran rayuwan Charles 12 shine jerin raunuka da kasawa. Yaƙin Poltava ya zama Rubino tsakanin shekarun daukaka da wulakanci. Bayan mummunan rauni na Bitrus 1 Charles 12 ya tsere zuwa mallakar abokinsa - sultan mai tururuwa. Yaren mutanen Sweden ya tsaya a birnin Bendery, wanda yake a yankin Transnistria na zamani.

Bayan da aka rasa sojojin, Sarkin Sweden ya tilasta yin yaki da Rasha ta hanyoyin diplomasiyya. Ya rinjayi Sultan Turkiyya don fara yaki da mulkin Rasha. A shekara ta 1711, kokarinsa ya fara samuwa. Tsakanin Rasha da Ottoman Empire, wani yaki ya fara. Sakamakonsa ba shi da damuwa ga Bitrus 1: ya kusan fadi cikin fursuna kuma ya rasa wani ɓangare na dukiyarsa. Amma Karl 12 daga wannan nasarar da Turks basu ci nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga zaman lafiya da aka kammala a 1713 a tsakanin Ottoman Empire da Rasha, Sarkin Sultan ya fitar da tilasta da sultan daga Turkiyya mallakar. Har ila yau, akwai magoya bayan janar, lokacin da Karl ya ji rauni.

Ta haka ne ya ƙare shekaru huɗu na tsayawar dan Sweden a Bendery. A wannan lokacin, mulkinsa ya ragu ƙwarai a cikin girmansa. Mazauna sun rasa a Finland, da jihohin Baltic, Jamus. A Poland, ya sake zama abokin hamayyar Charles na 12 - Agusta 2.

Koma gida

Domin kwanaki goma sha biyu, Charles 12 ya ƙetare dukan Turai kuma ya isa birnin Stralsund - mallakar tsibirin Sweden a gefen kudu na Baltic Sea. Ya kewaye shi da Danes. Karl yayi ƙoƙarin kare birnin tare da ƙananan mayakan sojoji, amma rashin nasara. Bayan haka, sai ya koma Sweden don ci gaba da dukiyarsa, har ma a Scandinavia.

Karl ya ci gaba da fada a Norway, wanda ya kasance daga cikin kambiyar Danish. Bugu da} ari, fahimtar yanayin da ya faru, ya yi} o} arin kammala yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Rasha.

Mutuwa

Bisa labarin da aka yi, an kashe Charles 12 a cikin shekara ta 1718 a Norway ta hanyar bama-bamai, ya yi yaƙi da Danes. Ya faru a sansanin soja na Fredriksten.

Kamar yadda wata maimaita ta ce, mutuwarsa ta faru ne sakamakon rikici na dan jaridar Sweden, wanda bai yarda da manufofin da kasashen waje suka ɓata ba.

Har ya zuwa yanzu, har yanzu yana da asirin tambaya wanda hannunsa ya kashe Yaren mutanen Sweden King Charles 12. Shekaru na rayuwar wannan sarauta - daga 1682 zuwa 1718. Mutuwa ta kama Karl a shekara 36.

Babban Yanayi

Rayuwar mai daraja, mai arziki, amma kaɗan ta rayu ne ta hanyar Swedish King Charles 12. Rayuwa, tarihin yakinsa da mutuwa an bincika mu a cikin wannan bita. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yarda cewa Charles 12 shi ne kyakkyawan shugabanci, zai iya cin nasara a fadace-fadace, yana da sojoji fiye da abokan gaba. Bugu da} ari, an lura da rashin lafiyarsa, a matsayin shugaban} asa. Charles 12 ba zai iya tabbatar da wadatawar Sweden gaba ba. Tuni a yayin rayuwarsa mulkin mallaka ya fara fada.

Amma, ba shakka, Charles 12 yana daya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin Yaren mutanen Sweden.