Katyn: da kisan Polish sanda. A tarihin da bala'i a Katyn

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, bangarorin biyu jajirce yawa cin zarafin bil'adama. Kashe miliyoyin fararen hula da kuma sojojin. Daya daga cikin rigima shafukan da tarihin ke dauke da harbi na Yaren mutanen Poland jami'an a Katyn. Gaskiyar da ta dade a boye ta hanyar zargin wasu da wannan laifi, da za mu yi kokarin gano.

Fiye da rabin karni, da real events a Katyn kasance kuna ɓõyẽwa daga duniya al'umma. Yau, bayani a kan al'amarin ba wani asiri, ko da yake ra'ayi a kan wannan al'amari ne shubuha a matsayin cewa masana tarihi da kuma 'yan siyasa, da kuma talakawa} da hannu a cikin rikicin kasashen.

Katyn Kisa

Domin da yawa, wata alama ce m kisan kai ya zama Katyn. Kisa na Yaren mutanen Poland jami'an shi yiwuwa a gaskata ko fahimta. A nan ne, a cikin Katyn gandun daji Smolensk yankin, dubban Yaren mutanen Poland jami'an da aka kashe a cikin bazara na 1940. A taro kisan kai na Yaren mutanen Poland jama'a ba ta kasance hananna to kawai wannan wuri. Suka sanya jama'a takardun, wanda a lokacin Afrilu-May 1940 fiye da dubu 20 Polish 'yan ƙasa ne aka kashe a daban-daban sansanonin na NKVD.

A harbi a Katyn ya dogon wuya da Yaren mutanen Poland-Rasha dangantakar. Tun 2010, shugaban kasar Rasha Dmitry Medvedev da Duma furuci da cewa taro kisan kai na Yaren mutanen Poland 'yan ƙasa a Katyn Forest shi ne Stalinist gwamnatin ayyukan. Yana da aka sanya jama'a a cikin wata sanarwa "game da Katyn bala'i da ta shafa." Duk da haka, ba duka yan siyasa da kuma jama'a Figures a Rasha yarda da wannan sanarwa.

Talala Polish jami'an

A yakin duniya na biyu ya fara 09.01.1939 for Poland a lokacin da Jamus shiga da karkararta. Birtaniya da kuma Faransa shiga cikin rikici jiran sakamako na kara aukuwa. 10.09.1939 Tuni a Poland dakarunta suka shiga Tarayyar Soviet da wani hukuma domin kare Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci yawan Poland. Modern historiography kira irin wannan ayyuka na tsokana al'ummai, "na huɗu bangare na Poland." Red Army sojojin sun shagaltar da yankin Yammacin Ukraine da Belarus Yammacin. By hukuncin da Versailles yarjejeniyar , waɗannan ƙasashe ya zama wani ɓangare na Poland.

Yaren mutanen Poland sojoji kare ƙasarsu, bai iya tsayayya da ƙungiya biyu suka haɗu. Su sauri kadawa. A ƙasa, da NKVD an halitta takwas sansanonin domin Polish fursunonin yaki. Suna tsaye da alaka da ban tausayi taron, mai lakabin "da harbi a Katyn."

All aka kama har zuwa rabi daga Poland, mafi yawansu ba su da lokaci ga 'yan ƙasa na Red Army da aka saki, da kuma a cikin sansanonin sun kasance game da 130 mutane dubu. Bayan lokacin da daraja da kuma fayil sojoji, mazauni ne na Poland, ya sallami zuwa gidajensu, fiye da 40,000 fasakwauri zuwa Jamus, da sauran (game da 40 dubu) suka rabu biyar sansanonin:

• Starobelsk (Luhansk) - Jami'an a cikin adadin 4 dubu.
• Kozelskiy (Kaluga) - Jami'an a cikin adadin 5 dubu.
• Ostashkov (Tver) - gendarmes da kuma 'yan sanda a cikin yawan 4700 mutane.
• mayar da hankali a kan gina titunan da - da daraja da kuma fayil a adadin 18 dubu.
• aika zuwa aiki a cikin Krivoi Rog tasa - jerin a cikin adadin 10 dubu.

By bazara na 1940 da fursunoni daga uku sansanonin tsaya zuwa haruffa ga dangi da suka kai a kai, sun shige ta Red Cross. Dalilin da shirun zama fursunonin yaki, Katyn, da labarin na bala'i da cewa da nasaba da makomar dubban Dogayen sanda.

Harbi da fursunoni

A shekarar 1992 an saki wani daftarin aiki-tsari a kan 8.3.1940 L. Beriya ga Politburo, wanda jawabi batun kisan Polish fursunonin yaki. The yanke shawara a kan babban birnin kasar azãba soma Maris 5, 1940.

A marigayi Maris, da NKVD kammala da ci gaban shirin. Fursunoni na Starobelsk da Kozelsk sansanonin da aka dauka don Kiev, Kherson, Kharkiv, Minsk. Tsohon gendarmes da kuma jami'an 'yan sanda daga Ostashkov sansanin an koma Kalinin kurkuku daga wanda gaba kwashe kowa fursunoni. babbar rami (Copper kauyen) a kusa da kurkuku da aka haƙa.

A watan Afrilu, da fursunoni suka fara fitarwa zuwa da kisan 350-400 mutane. Hukuncin kisa, da shawarar cewa su saki zuwa yanci. Mutane da yawa bar a motoci a high ruhohi, ba da sanin game da yadawa mutuwa.

Yadda aka harbi a Katyn:

• fursunoni a ɗaure.
• Aljanin da mayafinsa a kan kai (ba ko da yaushe ba, amma a kan musamman karfi da matasa).
• ya jagoranci har zuwa Dug rami.
• ana harbe a baya na shugaban Walter ko browning.

Wannan karshe al'amari na dogon lokaci, ya shaida cewa laifi na Yaren mutanen Poland jama'a mãsu laifi na Jamus sojojin.

Kalinin fursunoni daga gidan yari da aka kashe a cikin kyamara.

Daga watan Afrilu zuwa watan Mayu 1940 aka harbe:

• Katyn - 4421 fursuna.
• a Starobelsk da Ostashkov sansanonin - 10131.
• a cikin wasu sansanonin - 7305.

Wanda aka harbe a Katyn? Kashe ba kawai yau da kullum da sanda, amma kuma yaqi a lokacin yaki, da lauyoyi, malaman makaranta, injiniyoyi, likitoci, furofesoshi, kuma wasu masana.

"M" jami'an

Lokacin da Jamus suka mamaye na Tarayyar Soviet, tattaunawar fara tsakanin Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Soviet gwamnatin game da shiga sojojin a kan maƙiyansa. Sa'an nan ya fara bincike don fitar dashi a cikin Soviet sansanin sanda. Amma gaskiya game da Katyn shi ne har yanzu ba a sani ba.

Babu wani daga cikin bace jami'an kasa samun, da kuma ba da shawara cewa sun tsere ne daga sansanin, sun ta da tushe. Ba guda alama ko ambaci waɗanda suka je wa sansanonin ambata a sama, ya ba.

Nemo sanda, ko kuma wajen, sai jikunansu su kasance ba fãce iya a 1943. A Katyn taro kaburbura na kashe Polish 'yan ƙasa da aka samu.

Bincike na Jamus gefen

A farko taro kaburbura a Katyn gandun daji gano by Jamus sojojin. Su za'ayi exhumation gawarwaki excavated da kuma gudanar da kansa gudanar da bincike.

Exhumations gudanar Gerhard Butz. Domin aikin International Hukumar na da hannu a cikin shiri na Katyn, wanda hada da likitoci daga Jamus-sarrafawa Turai, kazalika da wakilan Switzerland da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland Red Cross (Polish). Sun kasance mahalarci a lokaci guda wakilan kasa da kasa Red Cross saboda ban da Soviet gwamnati.

Jamus rahoton ya dauke da wadannan bayanai game da Katyn (kisa na Yaren mutanen Poland jami'an):

• A sakamakon haka, guda takwas haƙa aka gano taro kaburbura na su samu mayar da reburied 4143 mutum. Mafi yawan wadanda aka kashe a iya gano. The kaburbura №1-7 mutane da aka binne shi a hunturu tufafi (Jawo dasu ba, overcoats, rigunan sanyi, Scarves), kuma a cikin kabari №8 - a lokacin rani. Har ila yau a cikin kaburbura №1-7 scraps na jaridu, kwanan rana Afrilu-Maris 1940, da aka samu a shekara, kuma a kan gawawwakin akwai alãma daga kwari. Wannan ya nuna cewa harbi na Dogayen sanda a Katyn ya faru a lokacin da mai sanyaya yanayi, watau spring.
• Mun kashe wani yawa na sirri mallakarmu duka da aka samu, sun nuna cewa wadanda suke cikin Kozelsk sansanin. Alal misali, haruffa daga gida, jawabi zuwa Kozelsk. Har ila yau da yawa sun snuff kwalaye da kuma sauran abubuwa da "Kozelsk" inscriptions.
• Yanka na itatuwa nuna cewa suna da aka sanya a kan kaburbura na game da shekaru uku da suka wuce daga lokacin da ganewa. Wannan ya nuna cewa ramin da aka cika a 1940. A wannan lokaci, yankin da aka sarrafawa da Soviet sojojin.
• Duk da Polish jami'an a Katyn da aka harbe a baya na shugaban na Jamus samar da harsasai. Duk da haka, da suka da aka saki a cikin 20-30-ies na XX karni da kuma fitar dashi a cikin manyan yawa a cikin Baltic Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet.
• Hands kashe da aka daura tare da igiyar haka cewa a lokacin da ka yi ƙoƙarin yin cire haɗin madauki aka tsaurara fi. Wadanda suka daga kabari №5 girgiza ta kai haka da cewa lokacin da ka yi kokarin yin wani motsi na madauki choking nan gaba wanda aka azabtar. A wasu kaburbura shugabannin sun kuma alakanta, amma kawai ga wadanda suka yi isasshen jiki ƙarfi. A jikin wasu daga wadanda aka kashe tetrahedral bayoneti burbushi da aka gano, kamar yadda a cikin Soviet makamai. A Jamus amfani da lebur bayonets.
• Hukumar hira da yan unguwa da kuma bayyana cewa, a cikin bazara na 1940 da tashar Gnezdovo isa babban yawan Polish fursunonin yaki, wanda aka reloaded cikin manyan motoci da kuma kawar da a cikin dazuzzuka. More mazauna wadannan mutane ba su gani.

Yaren mutanen Poland hukumar, ne exhumation da gudanar da bincike ya tabbatar da binciken na duk Jamus a wannan yanayin, gano babu shakka akwai ayoyi na zamba takardun. Abinda ya Jamus kokarin boye game da Katyn (kisa na Yaren mutanen Poland jami'an), - wannan shi ne asalin da harsasai, wanda aka za'ayi da kisan kai. Dogayen sanda, duk da haka, ya fahimci cewa irin wannan makami na iya zama da wakilan da NKVD.

Soviet version

Tun da kaka na 1943 domin bincike na Katyn bala'i dauki wakilan da NKVD. A cikin version, da Yaren mutanen Poland fursunonin yaki da aka tsunduma a hanya ayyukansu, kuma tare da isowa na bazara na 1941 a cikin Smolensk yankin na Jamus ba su da lokaci su fice.

By zato, da NKVD, a watan Agusta-Satumba wannan shekara, sauran fursunonin da aka harbe ta Jamus. Domin boye daga kufan laifuka, da wakilan da Wehrmacht bude kabari a 1943 da kuma dauki fitar da duk takardun kwanan rana bayan 1940.

Soviet hukumomi sun shirya babban adadin shaida wa version of events, amma a shekarar 1990, sauran rai shaidu retracted su kalamai ga 1943.

Soviet hukumar, ta biyu rami gurbata wasu takardu da kuma wasu kaburbura gaba daya hallaka. Amma Katyn, da labarin na bala'i da cewa fatalwa da Polish 'yan ƙasa, duk da haka wahayi ta asĩri.

Katyn al'amarinsu a Nuremberg

Bayan da yaki, daga shekarar 1945 zuwa shekarar 1946. Yana shige da ake kira Nuremberg gwaji, da nufin abin da yake hukunta yaki laifi. Katyn batun aka kuma tashe shi a shari'a. Soviet gefen ta zargi rundunar Jamus a cikin kisan Polish fursunonin yaki.

Shaidu masu yawa a cikin harka canza shaidarsu, suka ƙi yarda da karshe na Jamus hukumar, da yake sun yi dauki kashi a shi. Duk da wannan yunkurin da Tarayyar Soviet, da kotun bai goyi bayan cajin a kan batun na Katyn, wanda a gaskiya ba filaye don tunanin cewa a cikin kisan kiyashin Katyn zargi da Soviet sojojin.

Official amincewa da alhakin Katyn

Katyn (kisa na Yaren mutanen Poland jami'an), da kuma abin da ya faru a can, aka dauke kasashe daban-daban sau da yawa. Amurka ta gudanar ta gudanar da bincike a 1951-1952 gg., A marigayi XX karni, aiki a kan lamarin na Soviet-Polish hukumar, Polish Institute of National ambaton bude a 1991.

Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a Rasha Federation kuma sake adireshin da wannan batun. Tun da 1990, soja m da laifi hali bincike fara. Yana samu №159. A shekara ta 2004, laifi aikace-aikace da aka katse saboda da mutuwa da ake tuhuma a cikinsa.

A Yaren mutanen Poland gefe ya sa a gaba da version game da kisan kare dangi na Yaren mutanen Poland mutane, amma Rasha gefen bai tabbatar da shi. The laifi hali a kan gaskiyar da kisan kare dangi da aka ragu.

A ranar, da aiwatar da declassification na da yawa kasuwanci kundin na Katyn. Kofe daga cikin wadannan kundin aka canjawa wuri zuwa Yaren mutanen Poland gefe. A farko muhimmanci takardun na fursunonin yaƙi na Soviet sansanonin da aka canjawa wuri a shekarar 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev. A Rasha gefe ya gane cewa laifi ne aka aikata a Katyn wani Soviet gwamnatin a fuskar Beriya, Merkulov da sauransu.

A shekarar 1992, takardu a kan Katyn kisan kiyashin da aka buga cewa an adana a cikin abin da ake kira shugaban archive. Modern kimiyya adabi gane su amincin.

Yaren mutanen Poland-Rasha dangantakar

Katyn da kisan kiyashin da tambaya daga lokaci zuwa lokaci bayyana a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Rasha kafofin watsa labarai. Domin da Dogayen sanda, yana mai nauyi muhimmanci a cikin kasa tarihi memory.

A shekarar 2008, a Moscow kotu ƙaryata roko na da Polish da jami'an da aka harbe da 'yan'uwansu. A sakamakon hakan da na Russian Federation suka yi ga wani korafin da Turai kotun. Rasha da ake zargi da ineffectiveness na gudanar da bincike, kazalika da a ƙyãma hali zuwa na gaba zumunta na shafa. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, Turai Kotun kare hakkin dan adam ya bayyana harbi na fursunoni a matsayin laifin yaki, da kuma umurni da Rasha biya 10 daga cikin 15 complainants (12 zumunta na wadanda aka kashe a Katyn jami'an) for 5000 Tarayyar Turai kowane. Yana da aka biyan kotu ta halin kaka daga cikin masu kara. Kada da your Dogayen sanda, Katyn, wanda ya zama wata alama ce da iyali da kuma na kasa bala'i ne da wuya a ce.

The hukuma matsayi na Rasha hukuma

Modern Rasha shugabannin V. V. Putin da kuma D. A. Medvedev, tsaya ga daya ra'ayi na Katyn kisan kiyashin. Sun akai-akai sanya kalamai Allah wadai da laifuka na Stalinist tsarin mulki. Vladimir Putin ko da bayyana zato cewa bayyana Stalin ta rawa a cikin kisan Polish sanda. A cewar shi, da Rasha fir'auna haka rama da shan kashi a 1920 a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Soviet yaki.

A 2010, D. A. Medvedev qaddamar da littafin da tallace takardun zuwa ga Soviet lokaci na "kunshin №1» a kan Rosarkhiv shafin. A harbi a Katyn, fari takardunku waxanda suke da samuwa ga tattaunawa, duk da haka ba a saukar har sai karshen. Wasu kundin na wannan harka har yanzu saura a classified, amma Yaren mutanen Poland kafofin watsa labarai D. A. Medvedev ya bayyana cewa, ya yi Allah wadai da mãsu shakka da amincin takardun ƙaddamar.

26.11.2010 A Rasha Jihar Duma soma da daftarin aiki "A cikin Katyn bala'i ...". Wannan ne tsayayya da wakilan jam'iyyar kwaminis ƙungiya. Bisa ga yarda request na Katyn Kisa ya yarda laifi da aka aikata a kan kai tsaye umarni na Stalin. The daftarin aiki kuma bayyana juyayi ga jama'ar {asar Poland.

A shekarar 2011, jami'an na Rasha Federation fara bayyana aniyarsu ta magance matsalar na fi na wadanda ke fama da Katyn kisan kiyashin.

Memory game Katyn

Daga cikin Yaren mutanen Poland yawan tunawa da kisan kiyashin da Katyn ya ko da yaushe ya kasance wani ɓangare na tarihi. A shekara ta 1972, da London Dogayen sanda-a-hijira aka kafa wani kwamiti, wanda ya fara kiwon kudi domin gina wani gini ga wadanda ke fama da kisan kiyashin da Polish jami'an a 1940. Wadannan kokarin ba da goyan gwamnatin Birtaniya saboda sun ji tsoron dauki na Soviet hukumomi.

By Satumba 1976 shi ya bude wani abin tunawa ga Gunnersbergskom hurumi, wanda aka sanya a cikin yammacin London. Monument ne low obelisk da inscriptions a kan pedestal. Kwalayen aka sanya a cikin harsuna biyu - Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Turanci. Suka ce cewa da wani abin tunawa a gina a ƙwaƙwalwar na fiye da dubu 10 da Polish da fursunoni a Kozelsk, Starobelsk, Ostashkov. Sun bace ba tare da wata alama a 1940, da kuma wani ɓangare daga gare su (4,500) aka hako a 1943 a Katyn.

Wadannan Monuments gina wa wadanda ke fama da Katyn da kuma sauran wurare a cikin duniya:

• Toronto (Canada).
• a Johannesburg (Afirka ta Kudu).
• New Britan (United States).
• Soja hurumi a Warsaw (Poland).

A rabo daga abin tunawa a 1981, a soja hurumi ya ban tausayi. Bayan installing da dare ya aka dauka da ba a sani ba mutane, ta amfani yi cranes da inji. Abin tunawa ne a cikin nau'i na gicciye tare da kwanan wata "1940" da "Katyn" rubutu. By giciye adjoined da ginshiƙai biyu "Starobilsk" inscriptions "Ostashkovo". A gindin tunawa sun "da harafin V. P. ", ma'ana" Madawwami Memory ", kazalika da gashi na makamai na Commonwealth a cikin nau'i na gaggafa tare da wani kambi.

Ƙwaƙwalwar game da bala'i na jama'ar {asar Poland ne da exemplified a cikin film "Katyn" Andzhey Vayda (2007). The darektan ne ɗan Jakub Wajda, wani aiki jami'in, aka harbe a 1940.

A fim da aka nuna a cikin kasashe daban-daban, ciki har da a Rasha, kuma a shekarar 2008 ya kasance a saman biyar na kasa da kasa lambar yabo "Oscar" a cikin category na mafi kyau waje fim.

A mãkirci dogara ne a kan wani labarin da aka rubuta ta hanyar Andzheya Mulyarchika. Yana bayyana lokacin daga Satumba 1939 zuwa kaka 1945. A fim ya gaya game da rabo daga cikin hudu sanda, wanda ya kasance a cikin Soviet sansanin, kazalika da mafi kusantar dangi, wanda ba su san gaskiya game da su, ko da yake, da kuma tsammani game da m. Ta hanyar al'adar mutane da dama sanar da marubucin duk, abin da ya hakikanin labarin.

"Katyn" ba zai iya zama sha'aninsu dabam zuwa ga viewer, ko da kuwa kabila.