Dankali tuber tushen tsarin da m part: description

Dankali a cikin mutum rage cin abinci bautarka kusan babban wuri, baya da amfani, fãce burodi. Amma 'yan mutane gane yadda wuya shi ne ya shirya wannan shuka daga kimiyya ra'ayi. Yana yana da musamman fasali, muhimmi ne kawai zuwa gare shi.

nazarin halittu siffofin

Dankali ne daya daga cikin manyan abinci amfanin gona. Yana maida hankali ne akan ba kawai 1st wuri daga cikin amfanin gona da don samar da furotin, amma kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi girma fitness matakan.

Gida dankali - wurare masu zafi da sashi na nahiyar kudancin Amurka. A farko cibiyoyin asalin located in Bolivia da kuma Peru, a cikin tsaunuka na Andes (tsawo daga 2000-4800 mita saman teku matakin), kazalika da a temperate bangarori na Chile (0-250 m saman teku matakin).

Mutumin ya kawo dankali a cikin al'adun fiye da 8000 da suka wuce. Da farko, da ƙasa a cikin abin da aka horar da, a kudu-maso-gabashin Peru da kuma arewa maso yammacin Bolivia. A Rasha, wannan amfanin gona ya bayyana a zamanin mulkin Peter I. A wannan m legitimized da tartsatsi namo dankali.

aboveground bangare

wani dankalin turawa shuka - a daji, wanda ya kunshi 4-8 stalks. Sashe dogara gare ripening. A farkon ripening iri, kamar yadda mai mulkin, akwai wani rauni sashe a gindi daga tushe, da kuma a marigayi-ripening - karfi. Close iri dankali, ko kuma wajen da tuber ya ƙunshi tserewa tare da kuri'a da tushe fiye da kananan.

Bisa ga yawan ganye da dankalin turawa, shuke-shuke iya zama sosai daban-daban, kuma. Itãce iya zama mai rauni, amma akwai kuma irin harbe, a lokacin da stalks kawai bayyane baya da yawa ganye. A siffar daji ne ware iri da bushes m siffan, Semi-yada da kuma yada sarƙaƙƙiya. Bisa tanade-tanaden da tushe, rarrabe kafa-yada, yada da polurazvalistye sarƙaƙƙiya.

A tushen tsarin

Amma ga dankalin turawa, tushen tsarin ne fibrous da shi ne da gaske a sa na tushen tsarin na mutum mai tushe. A shigar azzakari cikin farji daga cikin tushen a cikin ƙasa dogara a kan ta irin. Duk da haka, da talakawan shigar azzakari cikin farji zurfin jeri daga 20 zuwa 40 cm. Bugu da kari, a cikin topsoil tushen girma a kaikaice 50-60 cm.

A sama-ƙasa ɓangare na shuka: ganye da kuma flower na dankalin turawa,

A takardar da bayyana unpaired-pinnatisected irin. Idan muka yi la'akari da da aka gyara, za ka iya ganin dama nau'i-nau'i daga lobes, lobules, kuma dolechek, wanda aka located in daban-daban haduwa a cikin babban petiole. A dankalin turawa leaf ƙare daya unpaired lobes. Halayyar siffofin da takardar (digiri na dissection, girman da siffar lobes, girman da matsayi na petiole) suna da muhimmanci varietal halaye. A rikodin takardar ne ko da yaushe a saukar da wuri, da launi dabam daga yellow-kore zuwa duhu kore.

Inflorescence dankalin turawa wakiltar wani sa na cokali mai yatsu-kamar diverging curls wanda lambar daga 2 zuwa 4. Suna located a kan wani karu, da aka aza a cikin leaf axils (6-8). Flower na dankalin turawa, 5-membered, ya spaynolistnuyu kofin da incompletely Fused fari, ja-Violet, blue-Violet ko blue corolla lobes. Number of stamens 5. Anthers har yanzu suna da rawaya ko orange. Kwai m, yawanci dvuhgnezdnaya.

Ginshikai na samuwar tubers

Dankali tuber - gudun hijira, amma ba sama-kasa da kuma karkashin kasa. Its samuwar ne kamar haka. A ra'ayi na ƙara taro na gina jiki a cikin sama ɓangare na tuber sprouting an kiyaye saukowa koda ba duk idanu, amma waɗanda cewa suna located in wani babba rabo daga gare shi. Launi dogara da iri-iri na germs da kuma iya zama kore, ja, da shunayya, ko blue-m. Lokacin da shuka kai a tsawo na 10-20 cm, boye wani ɓangare na da tushe harbe ba - stolons, kauri da kuma tsawonta zirã'i ne 2-3 mm da kuma 5-15 cm, bi da bi. Burinsu aka hankali thicken, haka juya zuwa cikin tubers.

A tsarin da tuber

dankalin turawa, tuber ne a thickened kara taqaitaccen, kamar yadda evidenced da yawa kamance, musamman m da wuri, tun mataki na ci gaba. Wannan, musamman, a gaban scaly ganye, wanda an kafa a axils na dormant buds, wanda lambar dabam daga 2 zuwa 4 a kowane eyelet. Har ila yau, da kama shi ne a cikin wannan jerin da kuma tsari na nama da kuma jijiyoyin bugun gini daure a cikin tushe da kuma tubers. Kuma samuwar chlorophyll a cikin kulob din ya zama na fili lokacin da ta juya kore lokacin da fallasa zuwa ga haske. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a wuraren da na ajiya, talauci kare su daga haske, sau da yawa zo fadin kore dankalin turawa, tubers, wanda ba za a iya amfani da su a abinci.

A babba mafi ɓangare na matasa tuber ƙunshi mafi ramuka fiye da talakawan, da kuma ma fiye da haka shi ne mafi tsufa, kasa, ko igiyar part. Saboda haka, saman wani ɓangare na koda ci gaba da karfi kuma mafi yiwuwa. An sani cewa mafi sau da yawa a cikin wata guda eyelet da farko ta mamaye tsakiyar toho, wanda shi ne mafi ci gaba. A cikin hali na kau da jam, da kuma fara inganta a samu a karkashin hanya a ci gaban kayayyakin koda, da shuke-shuke da wanda zai zama weaker fiye da a cikin tsakiyar toho. Saboda haka, irin shuka dankali a lokacin hunturu ajiya lallai ba ne su a kai a kai saki daga germs. Wannan zai iya kai wa ga gaskiyar cewa da tsire-tsire ba za a kafa daga tsakiyar toho, da kuma maye, wato, zai zama weaker.

Sun dankalin turawa, tuber waje rufe Layer na epidermis, wanda aka baya maye gurbinsu da wani m, impermeable iska, a shafi masana'anta - periderm. A lokacin da girma da kuma ci gaban da tuber na cikin matsanancin Layer aka kafa kwasfa tuber. Musamman tsanani na wannan tsari ya auku a lokacin da 'yan kwanaki kafin girbi cire fi.

Karsh tubers danshin ne da za'ayi ta hanyar lenticels. Su kafuwar karkashin stomata kafa tuber faruwa lokaci guda tare da samuwar da periderm. Shi ne ta hanyar su a cikin tuber samun oxygen da kuma kawar da carbon dioxide da water vapour.

Shin tsarin da tuber dogara a kan dankalin turawa, iri-iri,

A tsarin da dankalin turawa, tuber a farkon da kuma marigayi iri iya bambanta. Alal misali, marigayi iri suna da halin gaban mafi m tuber pith nama.

Tubers iya samun sosai daban-daban siffofi, dangane da iri-iri da girma yanayi. Zabuka siffar - zagaye, elongated, m, zagaye-m, napiform, ganga-dimbin yawa, da dai sauransu

A mafi girma darajar tattalin arziki mallaka maki ciwon madauwari tubers da surface idanu. Wannan siffar shi ne manufa domin mechanized dasa da kuma girbi, da kuma surface wuri daga cikin ramukan facilitates inji tsabtatawa na fata da kuma wanka.

A launi na tubers iya zama quite daban-daban - fari, haske launin rawaya, ruwan hoda, ja, ja-da blue-Violet. Saboda haka, na waje tsarin da dankalin turawa, tuber ne a high quality-m. A ɓangaren litattafan almara na tubers kuma suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin sautin: shi iya zama fari, rawaya ko hasken rawaya.

Dankali tuber: sinadaran abun da ke ciki

A mafi bayyanannun jihar da na halitta Sauran lura a cikin tubers a lokacin girbi dankali a cikin fall. Yayinda muke zuwa ga spring, shi a hankali ya raunana a matsayin ci gaban hanawa ba haka ba ne aiki. A wannan lokaci, da samuwar abubuwa da ta da girma. Sun sa wa ci gaban da koda.

A cikin hunturu, a karkashin bushe dakin da iska yanayin zafi 1-3 ° C dankali adana kyau ba tare da germinating, a cikin 6-7 watanni. Bayan wannan lokaci, ta kara yawan zafin jiki zuwa 10-12 ° C da wani isasshen samar da oxygen fara girma tafiyar matakai.

dankalin turawa, tuber ƙunshi wani babba wadata da na gina jiki da suke da muhimmanci ga shuka girma da kuma ci gaba a farkon rayuwa. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na da bushe al'amarin yana da fiye da 26 daban-daban sunadarai. Sinadaran iya bambanta dangane da iri-iri, kasar gona, sauyin yanayi da kuma taki.

Average dabi'u na abun ciki a cikin sinadaran abun da ke ciki na daban-daban abubuwa tubers ne kamar haka: ruwa 75%, 20.4% sitaci, 0.3% sugar, 2% da danyen gina jiki, mai 0.1%, fiber 1.1%, ash 1.1%.

Sitaci a dankalin turawa, tubers rinjayar da dandano. A mafi girma da sitaci, da dankali ne m. A cikin hali na kara maida hankali danye gina jiki palatability akasin haka, deteriorate. Bisa ga sitaci abun ciki na dankali aka yi hukunci a kan dafuwa Properties. Its karuwa haddasa karuwa a powdery angaren litattafan almara, inganta razvarivaemosti.

haifuwa

dankalin turawa multiplication za a iya yi a hanyoyi biyu - vegetatively da kuma jima'i.

Vegetative Hanyar haifuwa - shi ne namo da dankalin Turawa tubers. Har ila yau, yana nufin wannan Hanyar haifuwa segments via mai tushe, wanda dole ne dole zama daya ko fiye apical kaikaice vegetative buds.

Mafi na kowa hanya - yana da namo dankalin turawa, tubers. A kara cuttings ana shuka a kuma waɗannan lokuta inda yawan tubers aka iyakance, da kuma wasu sabon m iri-iri na bukatar sauri gabatarwar ga yi.

dankalin turawa jima'i haifuwa inji shi ne mafi hadaddun da ya shafi yin amfani da gaskiya tsaba, kunno kai a 'ya'yan itace (tumatir), wanda aka kafa a kan tushe adult shuka kwayoyin. A peculiarity shi ne cewa a cikin hali na jima'i haifuwa duk yaron da shuke-shuke da bambancin kwayoyin. A tsaba kunshe ne a cikin daya tayi, zai iya bayar da Yunƙurin zuwa wani m iri-iri na shuka siffofin, amma babu wani daga cikinsu ba za su maimaita fasali na iyaye shuka.