Decembrists a Rasha. A kisa na Decembrists. Location da kwanan wata na kisa da Decembrists

Domin kusan shekaru 200, da Decembrists tawaye ya ja hankalin masana tarihi. An rubuta da yawa daga kimiyya articles kuma ko da dissertations a kan batun. Abin da asusun ga wannan sha'awa? The abu ne cewa, tarihi, da Decembrists a Rasha kasance na farko da suka shiga hamayya da ikon da na sarki. Sha'awa, da nazarin wannan sabon abu ya fara tafiyar da 'yan tawayen da kansu, suka bincikar da Sanadin tawaye a majalisar dattijai Square da kuma ta sha kashi. Saboda da kisa da Decembrists Rasha jama'a ya rasa ta launi mafi ilimi matasa, domin sun kasance daga asalin nobility iyalansu, mai daraja mahalarta a cikin War of 1812. Tashi na da tasiri a kan makomar talented kasida. Saboda haka, A. Pushkin, saboda dangane da mahalarta daga cikin sirrin jama'a, da aka aika a cikin zaman talala.

Su wane ne Decembrists

Su wane ne Decembrists? A takaice za su iya a halin kamar haka: su ne mambobi na dama siyasa al'ummu fada domin kauda tashe serfdom da canji na gwamnati. A Disamba 1825 suka shirya tawaye, wanda aka gilla mur.
5 mutane (shugabanni) aka sa wa azãba mai wulãƙantarwa ga jami'an. Decembrists, mahalarta gudun hijira zuwa Siberia, wasu harbi a kagara.

A Sanadin tawaye

Me Decembrists tayar? Dalilai da dama, da wannan. Cif daga gare su, duk suna da matsayin daya, taka leda a lokacin da tambaya a cikin sansanin soja - ruhun free tunani, imani da ikon da Rasha mutane, na gaji da zalunci - duk haife bayan wani m nasara a kan Napoleon. Yana da wani hadari 115 mutane daga cikin Decembrists - mahalarta na Patriotic War of 1812. Lalle ne, a lokacin da soja kamfen, yantar da kasashen Turai, sun taba saduwa Ta'asar serfdom. Wannan ya kai su ga sake su hali zuwa cikin kasar, "bayi da iyayengijinsu."

A bayyane yake cewa serfdom kanta ya outlived da amfani. Fada gefe da gefe da kowa mutane, magana da su, nan gaba Decembrists zo da ra'ayin cewa mutane cancanci mafi rabo fiye da slavish zama. Manoma, ma, ya yi fatan cewa, bayan da yaki, halin da suke ciki za su canza ga mafi alhẽri, saboda sun zubar da jini saboda mahaifarsa. Amma, abin takaici, da sarki, da mafi yawan manya da tabbaci gudanar a ranar da castle. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa daga 1814 zuwa 1820 shekaru, kasar ta barke a kan ɗari biyu baƙauye yunkuri. A apotheosis wani tawaye ga Kanar Schwartz Semenovski Guards a 1820. Da mugun hali to sauki sojoji wuce haddi. Gwagwarmaya na Decembrist motsi, Sergey Muravev-Apostol da Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, halarta da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, kamar yadda bauta a cikin wannan rajimanti.

Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa a wasu ruhun free tunani shuka a cikin mafi daga cikin mahalarta a Tsarskoye Selo lyceum: misali, ta digiri sun Leo I., V. Kiichelbecker, da kuma 'yancin-m waqe da Pushkin amfani da inspirational ideas.

Kudancin Society na Decembrists

Ya kamata a fahimci cewa yunkuri na Decembrists bai bayyana fita daga babu inda: shi ya taso ne daga duniya ta neman sauyi ideas. Pavel Pestel rubuta cewa irin wannan tunani tafi "daga daya karshen Turai zuwa Rasha", rufe har ma da wadanda ke adawa da 'haukan Turkey da kuma Ingila. Aiwatar ta hanyar aikin ideas na Decembrist sirrin jama'a. A farko daga gare su - da Union of Salvation (St. Petersburg, 1816) da kuma kungiyar Welfare (1918). Na biyu ya faru a kan tushen farko, ya kasa secretive da kuma ya hada da babban yawan mambobi. A shekarar 1820 da kuma wargaza shi saboda bambanta rarrabuwar ra'ayoyi.

A 1821, wani sabon ƙungiya hada biyu al'ummu: Arewa (a St. Petersburg, ya mai da kai bisa Nikita Muravev) da Kudu (a Kiev, shi ne shugaban Pavel Pestel). Kudancin jama'a ya fi reactionary views: kafa jamhuriyar, suka miƙa su kashe sarki. Kudancin Society tsarin wakilta uku controls: na farko, tare da P. Pestel A. Yushnevsky directed kuma, na biyu - S. Ants-Apostol, na uku - Davydov kuma S. Volkonskiy.

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel

The shugaban na Kudancin Society, Pavel Ivanovich Pestel, an haife shi a 1793 a Moscow. Ya samu wani kyakkyawan ilimi a nahiyar Turai, da kuma a kan ya dawo zuwa Rasha ya fara bauta wa a cikin Corps na Pages - musamman a tsakanin galihu manya. A shafukan da ne da kaina saba da duk mambobi na na sarki iyali. Yana farko bayyana 'yancin-m ganinsu matasa Pestel. Brilliantly sauke karatu daga Corps, ya ci gaba da bauta wa a cikin Lithuanian rajimanti tare da daraja na ensign Life Guards.

A lokacin yakin na 1812 Pestel aka mummunan rauni. Warke, ya dawo zuwa sabis, yãki jaruntaka. By karshen yaki Pestel yawa saman awards, ciki har da wani zinariya premium makamai. Bayan yakin duniya na II, ya canjawa wuri zuwa bauta a cikin sojan doki rajimanti - a lokacin da mafi babbar wurare.

Duk da yake a St. Petersburg, Pestel sani game da wasu sirrin jama'a (ceton Union) da kuma nan da nan ya zo a cikin shi. Paul fara wani sauyi rayuwa. A 1821 ya shugabanci Kudancin al'umma - a cikin wannan da ya taimaka da wani m balaga, lafiya da basirar da kuma iko na lallashewa. Saboda wadannan halaye a cikin lokaci ya cinma hadin kai na ra'ayoyi na Kudancin kuma Northern al'ummu.

Pestel ta kundin tsarin mulkin kasar

A shekarar 1923, shi soma wani shirin na Kudancin Society, harhada by Pavlom Pestelem. Yana hada baki soma duk mambobi ne na jam'iyya - nan gaba Decembrists. A takaice shi ya ƙunshi wadannan abubuwa:

1. Rasha ya kamata ya zama a jumhuriya, daya kuma basa, kunsha na 10 gundumomi. Jama'a gwamnati za a za'ayi da jama'ar kasar Council (majalisu) da kuma mulki Duma (zartarwa).
2. A jawabi a fitowar ta serfdom Pestel samarwa zuwa nan da nan soke shi, rarraba ƙasar suka shiga kashi biyu: manoma da gidan haya. Yana da aka zaci cewa karshen za haya da shi ga noma. Masu bincike yi imani da cewa idan da gyara daga 1861 a kan yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom da Pestel tafi shirya, kasar da ewa ba zai hau kan wani bourgeois, tattalin arziki m hanyar ci gaba.
3. A abolition na institute azuzuwan. Dukan mutane na kasar ake cewa 'yan ƙasa, suna da guda daidai a gaban doka. Ayyana sirri da 'yanci da kuma inviolability na mutum da kuma domicile.
4. Tsarist gwamnatin tantama ba dauka Pestel, don haka ya bukaci cewa jiki halakar da dukan sarauta iyali.

Yana da aka zaci cewa "Rasha gaskiya" zai shiga cikin karfi da zaran tawaye. Shi ne da doka ta asali daga kasar.

Northern Society na Decembrists

Northern Society zo a cikin zama a 1821, a cikin bazara. Asalinsu wani ɓangare na shi kunshi biyu kungiyoyin, sõyayya daga baya. Ya kamata a lura da cewa na farko da kungiyar da aka fi m, mahalarta shared da ra'ayoyi na Pestel da cikakken yarda da "Rasha gaskiya".

Gwagwarmaya na Arewa Society sun Nikita Muravev (kai), Kondraty Ryleev (Mataimakin), Prince Obolensky da Trubetskoy. Ba kalla rawa a cikin al'umma taka Ivan Puschin.

Northern Society amsa yafi a St. Petersburg, amma ya da wani reshe a Moscow.

Way to gama arewacin da kuma kudancin al'ummu ya kasance mai tsawo da kuma sosai mai raɗaɗi. Suna da wani muhimman hakkokin sabanin ra'ayi kan wasu batutuwa. Duk da haka, a cikin Congress a 1824, an yanke shawarar fara aiwatar da daidaituwa a 1826. A tawaye a watan Disamba 1825 halakar da wadannan tsare-tsaren.

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev - zo daga mai daraja iyali. An haife shi a 1795, a St. Petersburg. Na samu wani babban ilimi a Moscow. A War of 1812 same shi a cikin sahu na collegiate rejista na ma'aikatar shari'a. The yaki, ya gudu daga gida, yin wani m aiki a lokacin fadace-fadace.

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya fara aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na m al'ummomin: kungiyar Ceto da kuma Union of Welfare. Bugu da kari, ya rubuta cikin shatan ga karshen. Yi imanin cewa, akwai da ya kamata a kafa wata jam'iyyar Republican nau'i na gwamnati, shi ne kawai zai iya taimaka cikin juyin mulkin soja. A lokacin da tafiya zuwa kudu ya gana P. Pestel. Duk da haka shirya da tsarin - da Arewa Society, amma wani shigeba, ba tsaga ba, amma a maimakon haka, aka rayayye hadin kai.

A farko edition da ya version na kundin tsarin mulki ya rubuta a 1821, amma ba ta sami martani daga sauran 'yan al'umma. A kadan daga baya, zai sake ra'ayi da kuma ta fito da wani sabon shirin miƙa ta Arewa Society.

Muraveva kundin tsarin mulki

Kundin Tsarin Mulki Murav'ev hada da wadannan abubuwa:

1. Rasha ya kamata ya zama wani tsarin mulki daular mulkinsu: majalisar dokoki - Koli Duma, kunsha na biyu da bẽnãye. zartarwa - da Sarkin sarakuna (a hade - babban kwamandan). Dabam, shi da doka cewa ya ba da dama mu fara da kawo karshen yaki a kan nasu. Bayan a kalla uku karatu na sarki ya shiga cikin dokar. Kujerar naƙi ya da wani hakki ba, kawai zai iya jinkirta sanya hannu a lokacin.
2. Lokacin da na kauda tashe serfdom ƙasar hakkokin gonaki bar masu da manoman - su sites, da ƙara 2 da gona wajen kadada zuwa kowane gida.
3. 'Yancin kada kuri'a - kawai zuwa ƙasar masu. Mata, makiyaya da kuma wadanda ba masu shi ne dakatar.
4. Warware da ma'aikata na azuzuwan, to matakin duk da daya sunan: da jama'a. A tsarin shari'a ne daya ga duk.

Ants sanin cewa version na kundin tsarin mulkin za su hadu m juriya, don haka shi ya bayar da gabatarwar da yin amfani da makamai.

Shiri bore

Asirin al'ummu, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, dade shekaru 10 kafin fara tunzurin. Ba dole ne a ce cewa da shawarar da fitina fito quite spontaneously.

Duk da yake a cikin Taganrog, ya mutu Alexander I. A babu magada daga gaba sarki ya kamata ya zama Constantine, ɗan'uwan Alexander. Matsalar ya cewa ya sau daya a asirce abdicated. Haka kuma, hukumar shige da autanku, Nicholas. Mutane suna rikita, ba da sanin game da renunciation. Amma Nicholas yanke shawarar da ya Disamba 14, 1925 ya dauki rantsuwar.

The mutuwar Alexander ya zama masomin da 'yan tawayen. Sun fahimci cewa shi ne lokacin da za a yi aiki, duk da muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance tsakanin Arewaci da Kudanci al'ummu. Sun kasance Masani game da lokacin da za a shirya da kyau ga tawaye sun yi ma kadan, amma ya ji cewa ba zai buga wannan batu - laifi. Yana rubuta Ivan Puschin wa aboki Aleksandru Pushkinu lyceum.

Bayan ya gana da dare kafin Disamba 14, da 'yan tawayen shirya wani shirin aiwatar da aiki. Tafasa saukar zuwa da wadannan abubuwa:

1. Nada kwamandan Prince Trubetskoy.
2. Ɗauki Winter Palace da Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja. Alhakin wannan nada Yakubovich da Bulatov.
3. Nicholas ya kashe Lieutenant P. Kakhovsky. Wannan mataki ya kamata ya zama alama ga mataki na 'yan tawaye.
4. Gudanar farfaganda aiki tsakanin sojan kuma lallashe su a gefen 'yan tawaye.
5. Don lallashe da majalisar dattijai don rantsuwa amincewa da sarki danƙa Kondrati Ryleeva da kuma Ivan Pushin.

Abin baƙin ciki, ba duka tunanin fitar nan gaba Decembrists. Tarihi ya ce da cin amanar na yanayi da aka yi a denunciation na game bore Nicholas cewa karshe gamsu da shi a nada majalisar dattijai rantsuwar ofishin da sanyin safiya, a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba.

A haddin shari'a: shi aka gudanar

A tawaye ba su tafi ba bisa ga rubutun, wanda aka yi nufi da 'yan tawaye. Majalisar Dattijan lokaci zuwa rantsuwa amincewa da sarki kafin agitation.

Duk da haka, shelves da sojoji sahu domin yaƙi a majalisar dattijai Square, kowa da kowa yana jiran hukunci mataki a kan wani ɓangare na management.
Ivan Puschin da Kondraty Ryleev dawo da ce a cikin sananne isowa daga cikin umurnin, Prince Trubetskoy. A karshen, ta hanyar sauya 'yan tawayen Jami'an tsaron kasar mika a sarki Janar Staff. Ya kasa gane cewa tsattsauran mataki da aka bukata daga gare shi.

A karshen, wannan yunkuri da aka mur.

The kama da kotun

A St. Petersburg, ya fara wuce na farko kama da kisa da Decembrists. An ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, da fitina daga cikin wadanda ake tsare da hannu ba da Majalisar Dattawa, a matsayin sa ran, da kuma Kotun Koli musamman ogranizovanny Nicholas I domin lokaci. The sosai farko, kafin tawaye, Disamba 13, da aka kama Pavel Pestel. Gaskiyar cewa jim kadan kafin fitina, sai ya riƙi wani memba na Kudancin Society A. Mayboroda, suka juya m. Pestel a Tulchin kama da riƙi zuwa St. Petersburg Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja.

Mayboroda rubuta wani denunciation kuma N. Muraviev, wanda aka kama a ranar da Estate.

A karkashin binciken da suka 579 mutane. 120 daga cikinsu suka kõre su naƙudarta a Siberia (daga gare su, Nikita Muravev), duk aka ignominiously demoted daraja. Biyar 'yan tawayen da aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa.

kisa

Jawabi a kotu a kan wani yiwu hanyar kisa da Decembrists, Nicholas ce cewa jini ya kamata ba za a zubar. Saboda haka, da suka, da heroes of yakin duniya na II, an yanke masa hukuncin da m gumagumai.

Wanda aka kashe Decembrists? Su sunayen su ne kamar haka: Pavel Pestel, Peter Kakhovsky, Kondraty Ryleev, Sergey Muravev-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. A hukunci da aka karanta a kan Yuli 12, kuma sun rataye su Yuli 25, 1926. A kisa na Decembrists dogon sanye take gina wani gumagumai da musamman inji. Duk da haka, ba ba tare da gammaye: uku maza ya fadi a kashe su hinges, suka yi da za a rataye a sake.

Place a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja, inda Decembrists aka kashe - shi crownwork. Akwai wani abin tunawa wakiltar obelisk da dutse abun da ke ciki. Yana alama ce da ƙarfin zuciya tare da wanda ya yi yaƙi domin su akida kashe Decembrists. Su sunayen an kwarzana a kan abin tunawa.