Electrotechnical kayan, dũkiyarsu da kuma aikace-aikace

Dace da kuma karko na lantarki inji da kuma shuke-shuke dogara a kan yanayin da rufi, lantarki na'urorin ga wanda da kayan ana amfani. Suna halin da wani sa na musamman Properties lokacin sanya shi a cikin wani electromagnetic filin yanayi, da kuma aka shigar a na'urorin dogara ne a kan wadannan Manuniya.

Nau'in lantarki da kayayyakin bayar kasu kashi daban kungiyoyin na insulating, semiconducting, gudanar da Magnetic kayayyakin da kari babban kayayyakin: capacitors, conductors, isolators da semiconductor abubuwa shirye.

Materials da aiki a matsayin mutum Magnetic ko lantarki filayen tare da takamaiman Properties, da kuma fallasa su da mahara radiations lokaci guda. Magnetic kayan conventionally kasu kashi weakly Magnetic abubuwa da Magnetic abubuwa. A lantarki dabara fi aiki da karfi Magnetic kayan.

Materials kimiyya

The abu ne ya ce abu, halin da bayyana daga wasu abubuwa da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, Properties da tsarin kwayoyin da kwayoyin halitta. The abu ne a daya daga jihohi hudu: gaseous, m, ruwa ko jini. Lantarki da tsarin kayan yi shigar da dama ayyuka.

Gudanar da kayan aika da electrons da kwarara aka gyara samar dielectric kadaici. Aikace-aikace na resistor abubuwa mayar na'urar samar da makamashi cikin zãfi, da kayan da gine kayayyakin riƙe su siffar, msl, da gidaje. Lantarki da kuma yi kayan da ake bukata domin yin ba daya amma da dama da alaka da ayyuka, kamar wani insulator a cikin wutar lantarki kaya gwaje-gwaje, wanda ya zo da shi ga tsarin kayan.

Banana kayan kimiyya - da kimiyya tafiyad da definition na Properties, da binciken na cikin hali na al'amarin ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wutar lantarki, zafi, sanyi, Magnetic filayen da kuma sauran kimiyya karatu da takamaiman halaye ake bukata don gina lantarki inji, na'urorin da shigarwa ..

Guides

Wadannan sun hada da wutar lantarki da kayan aiki, wanda shi ne babban nuna alama bayyana watsin lantarki a halin yanzu. Wannan shi ne saboda a cikin taro na wani abu ko da yaushe ba electrons suna weakly daure su da tsakiya da kuma kasancewa free cajin yan dako. Su matsawa da kewayewa na daya kwayoyin zuwa wani da kuma haifar da wani halin yanzu. Babban conductive kayan dauke da jan karfe, aluminum.

Don da conductors ne abubuwa da suke da wani lantarki resistivity ρ <10 ^-5, cikinsa da abu ne mai kyau shugaba tare da wani nuna alama 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. All karafa da ciwon mai kyau halin yanzu tebur na 105 abubuwa 25 ne ba kawai karafa, da kuma daga wannan wani bambancin kungiyar na kayan 12 hali lantarki da ake gani a matsayin semiconductors.

A kimiyyar lissafi na lantarki da kayayyakin damar su yi amfani da matsayin jamiái a cikin gaseous da ruwa jihohi. Kamar yadda ruwa karfe a yanayinsa ne amfani kawai Mercury, ga abin da na halitta jihar. A wasu karafa amfani da conductors kawai ruwa a wani mai tsanani jihar. Domin conductors amfani da conductive ruwa, misali electrolyte. Muhimmanci Properties na conductors, kyale bambanta su bisa ga mataki na lantarki watsin, thermal watsin halaye suna dauke da ikon thermal tsara.

dielectric kayan

Ba kamar conductors, dielectrics taro ƙunshi kananan yawan free electrons elongated siffar. Babban dũkiyar abu ne da ikon samun da polarity na lantarki filin. Wannan sabon abu ne ya bayyana da cewa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wutar lantarki da alaka da tuhumar da ake koma a cikin shugabanci na riko sojojin. A biya diyya nesa ne mafi girma, mafi girma da lantarki filin ƙarfi.

Banana insulating kayan ne mafi cancanta ga manufa fiye da karami index watsin, da kuma kasa pronounced fiye da mataki na rabuwa, wanda ya ba da wani nuni ne na watsawa da kuma thermal makamashi kasafi. A watsin da dielectric dogara ne a kan mataki na karamin adadin free dipoles canjawa zuwa mataki na filin. Bayan rabuwa, da dielectric abu siffofin daban-daban tare polarity, Ina nufin, biyu zargin daban-daban ãyõyi kafa a kan surface.

Aikace-aikace dielectrics mafi baje a lantarki, tun yin amfani da aiki da kuma m kashi halaye.

Don da aiki abu, tare da kaddarorin amenable ga management, sun hada da:

• pyroelectrics.
• electroluminophors.
• piezoelectrics.
• ferroelectrics.
• electrets.
• kayan for emitters a Laser.

Basic lantarki da kayayyakin - dielectric m Properties, da ake amfani da insulating kayan da capacitors na al'ada irin. Suna kuma iya rarrabe rabo biyu daga lantarki kewaye daga juna da kuma hana ambaliya lantarki zargin. Tun da kadaici ne da za'ayi via na yanzu-dauke sassa lantarki da makamashi yana bar a cikin ƙasa, kõ kuwa a kan gidaje.

rabu da wani insulator

A cikin kwayoyin da inorganic dielectric kayan ana raba, dangane da sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Inorganic dielectrics ba dauke da carbon a cikin abun da ke ciki, yayin da kwayoyin siffofin ne primary carbon kashi. Inorganic abubuwa kamar tukwane, Mika, a babban mataki na zafi.

Banana abu a kan wani hanya domin samar da kashi na halitta da kuma wucin gadi dielectrics. A fadi da yin amfani da roba kayan dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa yi damar zuwa ba da kayan da ake so Properties.

Bisa ga tsarin kwayoyin da kwayoyin raga dielectrics kasu kashi na iyakacin duniya da kuma wadanda ba na iyakacin duniya. A karshe kuma ake kira tsaka tsaki. Bambanci ne cewa kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin kafin su mataki a kan wutar lantarki yanzu ko da wani abin wutar lantarki. K a tsaka tsaki kungiyar hada Teflon, polyethylene, Mica, ma'adini, da sauransu. A iyakacin duniya dielectrics kunshi kwayoyin da wani tabbatacce ko korau cajin, wani misali ne polyvinyl chloride, bakelite.

dielectric Properties

Kamar yadda dielectrics kasu kashi gaseous, ruwa da kuma m. Da aka fi amfani m lantarki da kayayyakin. Dũkiyõyinsu, da aikace-aikace kimanta yin amfani da sigogi da kuma halaye:

• mai girma resistivity.
• dielectric permittivity.
• wani surface resistivity.
• da coefficient na thermal permeability.
• dielectric asarar tangent na kwana bayyana.
• ƙarfi daga cikin abu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wutar lantarki.

Volume resistivity dogara da ikon da wani abu a tsayayya yayyo kanta m darajar halin yanzu. Nuna alama kishiya resistivity kira girma watsin.

Surface resistivity ne m da ikon da kayan su yi tsayayya da akai yanzu sunã gudãna a kan bãyan tẽkun. Surface watsin ne na juna na baya adadi.

A coefficient na thermal permeability nuna mataki na canji a resistivity bayan kiwon da yawan zafin jiki na abu. Yawanci, da juriya da rage-rage tare da kara yawan zafin jiki, saboda haka, da coefficient darajar ne korau.

A dielectric akai kayyade lantarki aikace-aikace na kayan daidai da ikon daga cikin kayan don ƙirƙirar lantarki capacitance. Awo na zumunta permittivity na dielectric kunshe a cikin ra'ayi na cikakkar permeability. Canza rufi damar nuna alama nuna baya thermal permeability coefficient, wanda a lokaci guda nuna wani karuwa ko karu a capacitance tare da wani canji a zazzabi.

Tangent na dielectric asara kwana nuna mataki na sarkar ikon asarar tare da girmamawa ga dielectric abu hõre wani lantarki alternating halin yanzu.

Halin Electrotechnical kayan na dielectric ƙarfi nuna alama, wanda kayyade yiwuwar lalata abu a karkashin danniya. A gano inji karfin da dama gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da index iyaka compressive ƙarfi, tensile, lankwasawa, torsional, tasiri da kuma karaya.

Jiki da kuma sinadaran halaye na dielectrics

A dielectrics dauke da wani yawan saki acid. The adadin potassium hydroxide a milligrams ake bukata don rabu da impurities a 1 g abu ne ake kira acid lambar. Acid halaka kwayoyin kayan da wani mummunan sakamako a kan insulating Properties.

Halayyar lantarki kayan taimaka danko coefficient ko gogayya, da nuna mataki na kwarara daga al'amarin. Danko ne zuwa kashi matukar da kinematic.

Degree na ruwa sha aka ƙaddara dangane da taro na ruwa tunawa da gwajin kashi size kwanaki bayan nutsewa a ruwa a wata qaddara da zazzabi. Wannan hali ya nuna porosity na littattafai, da kara index tabarbarewa.Idan da insulating Properties.

Magnetic kayan

Performance kimantawa da Magnetic Properties ake kira da Magnetic halaye:

• Magnetic cikakkar permeability.
• Magnetic zumunta permeability.
• thermal coefficient na Magnetic permeability.
• makamashi iyakar Magnetic filin.

Magnetic kayan kasu kashi wuya da kuma taushi. A taushi abubuwa ne halin da kananan asarar lagging girma na magnetization na jiki aiki Magnetic filin. Su ne mafi permeable ga Magnetic taguwar ruwa da kananan ba} in da karfi da kuma wata babbar jikewa shigar da. Su yi amfani da a cikin na'urar gidajen wuta na electromagnetic inji da sunadaran, Magnetic garkuwoyi ko wasu inji inda shi wajibi ne magnetization tare da low makamashi omissions. Wadannan sun hada da tsarki electrolytic baƙin ƙarfe, da baƙin ƙarfe - Armco, permalloy, lantarki karfe zanen gado, nickel-baƙin ƙarfe gami.

M kayan ana halin da gagarumin asara lagging mataki na magnetization a waje Magnetic filin. Karbar da zarar Magnetic hatsaisai, irin lantarki da kayayyakin da kayayyakin ne magnetized, da kuma na dogon lokaci domin ci gaba da adana makamashi. Bã su da wani babban ba} in da karfi da kuma high saura shigar da iya aiki. Abubuwa da wadannan halaye an yi amfani ga yi na tsit maganadiso. Wakilai daga abubuwa ne gami dangane da baƙin ƙarfe, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, silicon aka gyara.

magnetodielectrics

Wannan mixed material, 75-80% a cikin abun da ke ciki dauke da Magnetic foda, da taro na Organic high polymeric saura mai cike da dielectric. Y ferrites da ferrites ya karu dabi'u na girma resistivity, kananan Eddy halin yanzu hasarori, wanda damar su yi amfani da a high-mita fasaha. Ferrites ne barga Manuniya a daban-daban filayen mitar.

Filin amfani ferromagnets

Suna amfani da mafi yadda ya kamata don ƙirƙirar core na gidan wuta coils. Aikace-aikace na kayan damar kara yawa da Magnetic filin na gidan wuta, alhali kuwa ba ya canja halin yanzu karatu na da karfi. Irin sa da ferrite kubutar da ikon amfani a lokacin aiki na na'urar. Banana kayan da kayan aiki bayan da waje Magnetic tasiri riƙe Magnetic halaye, da kuma kula da wani filin a cikin m sarari.

Elementary igiyoyin kada ka wuce bayan ya sauya sheka kashe maganadisu, ta haka ne samar da wata misali na dindindin maganadisu cewa aiki yadda ya kamata a kan belun kunne, tarho, aunawa na'urorin, compasses, rikodin sauti na'urorin. Popular a yin amfani da m maganadiso, ba electrically conductive. Samu fili na baƙin ƙarfe oxides tare da daban-daban da sauran oxides. Lodestone tana nufin ferrite.

semiconductor kayan

Wadannan su ne abubuwa da da watsin darajar wanda yake a cikin tazara wannan index ga conductors da dielectrics. A watsin da wadannan kayan dogara a kan wanzuwar impurities a cikin nauyi, external tasiri da kuma kwatance na ciki lahani.

Halaye na electrotechnical kayan semiconductors kungiyar nuna muhimmanci bambance-bambance daga juna abubuwa a kan raga tsarin, abun da ke ciki da kuma dukiyoyinsu. Dangane da wadannan sigogi, kayan ana kasu 4 iri:

1. Abubuwa kwayoyin halitta dauke da guda jinsunan: silicon, phosphorus, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium, da sauransu.
2. Materials dauke da karfe oxides hada da - jan karfe oxide, cadmium, tutiya da sauransu.
3. The kayan a hade kungiyar antimonide.
4. Organic kayayyakin - naphthalene, anthracene, da sauransu.

Dangane da raga kasu kashi polycrystalline semiconductor kayan da monocrystalline abubuwa. Halaye na lantarki da kayayyakin damar da su zuwa raba a ba-Magnetic kuma weakly. Daga cikin gyara na Magnetic rarrabe semiconductors, conductors da kuma wadanda ba conductive abubuwa. Clear kasafi ne da wuya a yi, tun da yawa kayan nuna hali daban a canza yanayi. Alal misali, aiki na wasu semiconductors a low yanayin zafi za a iya kwatanta ta da sakamako daga cikin insulators. Wadanda dielectrics ta gasa aikin kamar semiconductors.

kumshin kayan

Materials cewa ba su rarraba a kan aiki da abun da ke ciki, da ake kira kumshin kayan, shi ne kuma lantarki da kayayyakin. Dũkiyõyinsu, da aikace-aikace saboda a hade da kayayyakin amfani a cikin yi. Misalai ne gilashi fiber takardar gyara, fiberglass, gaurayawan na conductive da kuma tsaurin karafa. Amfani garwayayye m karfi bayyana abu da kuma amfani da su don su makõma. Wani lokaci a hade kumshin aka gyara kaiwa zuwa halittar wani gaba ɗaya sabon kashi da sauran kaddarorin.

film kayan

Greater ikon yinsa, domin lantarki An harbi da kuma m kaset yi tsiwirwirinsu matsayin na'urar kayan. Dũkiyõyinsu ne daban-daban daga wasu dielectrics sassauci, isa inji karfin da kyau kwarai insulating Properties. A kauri daga cikin samfurin dabam dangane da material:

• fim kauri daga 6-255 microns yi, saki tef 0,2-3,1 mm;
• polystyrene kayayyakin a cikin nau'i na kaset da kuma fina-finan samar 20-110 microns m.
• m polyethylene tef sanya 35-200 m, mai nisa na 250 zuwa 1500 mm.
• fluoroplastic fim kauri ne sanya 5 zuwa 40 microns, da nisa daga 10-210 mm envisage.

Nau'in lantarki kayan daga cikin fim damar rarrabe iri biyu: daidaitacce da kuma wadanda ba-daidaitacce fim. A farko kayan da ake amfani da mafi sau da yawa.

Paints da coatings for lantarki rufi

Solutions abubuwa kafa a lokacin solidification film ne zamani lantarki da kayan aiki. Wannan kungiyar hada asphalts, bushewa mai, resins, cellulose esters ko mahadi da kuma haduwa da wadannan aka gyara. Hira da wani danko sosai bangaren a insulator auku bayan danshin da sauran ƙarfi taro ajiye da kuma kafa wani m film. By hanyar da ake ji da fim ne zuwa kashi m, shafi da kuma impregnation.

Impregnating varnishes amfani ga lantarki windings domin ya kara da thermal watsin da kuma juriya ga laima. Shafi varnish babba ƙirƙirar m shafi da danshi, sanyi, man, surface Tuddan, roba rufi. M aka gyara su ne m manne Mica farantin da sauran kayan.

Mahadi don lantarki rufi

Wadannan kayan sun gabatar da wani ruwa bayani a lokacin da amfani da, bi da hardening da kuma magance. Abubuwa halin da gaskiya cewa abun da ke ciki ba ya dauke da kaushi. A mahadi ma ya kasance a cikin rukunin "lantarki kayan aiki". Siffofin ne su simintin kuma impregnating. Nau'i na farko da ake amfani da ciko cavities a USB couplings, da kuma na biyu kungiyar da ake amfani da impregnation na mota windings.

Mahadi zõ da wani thermoplastic, sun yi laushi bayan da karuwa a yawan zafin jiki, da kuma thermosetting, da haquri da tsare da nau'i na solidification.

Impregnated fibrous insulating kayan

Domin samar da irin kayan da yin amfani da kwayoyin zaruruwa da mutum ya gyara. Natural kayan lambu zaruruwa na siliki, lilin, itace remaking a cikin kayan kwayoyin asalin (fiber, zane, kwali). Zafi na irin insulators jeri daga 6-10%.

Organic kayayyakin roba (nailan) dauke da danshi kawai 3 zuwa 5%, kamar jikewa na danshi da kuma inorganic zaruruwa (fiberglass). Inorganic kayan ana halin da rashin wuta a babba dumama. Idan kayan jiƙa enamels ko lacquers, da flammability ƙaruwa. Samar da wutar lantarki, da kayayyakin da ake samar a cikin yi na lantarki kayan da kayan.

Leteroid

A bakin ciki fiber aka samar a cikin zanen gado da birgima a cikin wani yi ga harkokin sufuri. Yana amfani da wani abu don Manufacturing rufi gaskets, dimbin yawa dielectrics washers. Takarda impregnated da asbestos da asbestos kwamitin sanya na chrysotile asbestos, tsagawa da shi a cikin zaruruwa. Asbestos yana da juriya da alkaline yanayi, amma karya saukar a wani acid.

A ƙarshe, ya kamata a lura da cewa tare da yin amfani da zamani da kayayyakin ga rufi na lantarki kayan aiki sabis rai da aka muhimmanci karu. Domin shigarwa gine-gine amfani da kayan da aka zaba Properties cewa damar domin samar da sabon aikin kayan aiki da ingantattun yi.