Endotoxin - a ... Exotoxins da endotoxins

A daya daga cikin mulkoki yanayi kunshi guda-celled kwayoyin, kwayoyin ware a cikin sashen. Mafi yawan jinsunan nuna musamman sinadaran mahadi - exotoxins da endotoxins. Su rarrabuwa, Properties da kuma tasiri a kan jikin mutum za a yi nazari a cikin wannan labarin.

Menene gubobi

Abubuwa (yafi gina jiki yanayi ko lipopolysaccharide), secreted kwayan cell a cikin extracellular ruwa bayan ta mutuwa - shi ne mai kwayan endotoxin. Idan live prokaryotic kwayoyin samar da mai guba abu a cikin rundunar cell, a ilimin, irin mahadi ake kira exotoxins. Bã su da wani yankunan da sakamako a kan mutum da nama da kuma gabobin, wato: inactivate da enzyme tsarin a salon salula matakin, rushe metabolism. Endotoxin - mai guba, samar tareda žata sakamako a kan rayayyun tantani, kuma ta maida hankali zai iya zama kadan. A ilimin da aka sani game da 60 mahadi kasaftawa kwayan Kwayoyin. Bari mu bincika su, a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Lipopolysaccharide yanayi na kwayan poisons

Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa endotoxin - wani samfurin na tsakiyan nonon na cikin matsanancin membrane na gram-korau kwayoyin. Yana da wani hadadden kunshi wani hadadden carbohydrate da kuma sia cewa interacts tare da wani takamaiman irin cell rabe. Wannan dangane kunshi sassa uku: sia A, antigen da wani oligosaccharide kwayoyin. Yana da farko da bangaren, da samun a cikin jini rafi, haddasa mafi tareda žata sakamako, bi da dukkan alamu na tsanani da guba: dyspeptic mamaki, hyperthermia, raunuka na tsakiya m tsarin. Kamuwa da jini endotoxin auku haka hanzari da cewa jiki tasowa kwamin na tara buga.

Wani tsarin kashi nasa ne endotoxin - shi ne wani oligosaccharide hada da heptose - C ₇ H ₁₄ Ya _7. A ci gaba a cikin jini, da tsakiyar disaccharide kuma iya sa maye ba, amma milder fiye da haka al'amarin na lamba tare da jini sia A.

Gurbin daukan hotuna zuwa endotoxins a cikin jikin mutum

Mafi na kowa sakamakon aikin na kwayan gubobi a kan Kwayoyin suna trombogemorragichesky ciwo da kwamin na tara buga. A farko da irin Pathology taso ne daga shigar da jini abubuwa - gubobi rage coagulation. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa mahara Gabar lalacewa, kunsha na connective nama - parenchyma, kamar huhu, hanta, da kuma kodan. Su parenchyma faruwa mahara na jini, da kuma a cikin tsanani lokuta - zub da jini. Wani irin cuta da ya auku a sakamakon mataki na kwayan gubobi - shi ne kwamin na tara buga. Yana take kaiwa zuwa take hakki na jini da kuma Lymph wurare dabam dabam, da sakamakon wanda sun kauce wa oxygen kai da kuma gina jiki ga muhimmanci gabobin da kyallen takarda: kwakwalwa, huhu, kodan, hanta.

A mutum daukana up sharply rai-barazanar cututtuka kamar wani m drop a jini, hyperthermia da kuma samun saurin bunkasuwar m zuciya da jijiyoyin jini insufficiency. Gaggawa likita shiga tsakani (rike da hormone da kwayoyin far) cike endotoxin sakamako da kuma sauri ta kawar da shi daga cikin jiki.

Otherness exotoxins

Kafin mu gano da ƙayyadaddu na da irin wannan kwayan poisons, mu tuna cewa endotoxin - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin aka gyara na wani lysate na cell bango na gram-korau kwayoyin sun mutu. Exotoxins hada da rai prokaryotic Kwayoyin: duka biyu gram-tabbatacce kuma gram-korau. A cikin sharuddan sinadaran tsarin, su ne sosai kananan sunadaran da kwayoyin nauyi. Daya iya cewa babbar asibiti manifestations faruwa a lokacin cututtuka sa daidai lethality exotoxins wanda aka kafa saboda da metabolism na mafi kwayoyin.

Microbiological karatu sun tabbatar da hakan virulence wannan irin kwayan gubobi, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da endotoxin. A causative jamiái na tetanus, whooping tari, diphtheria nuna guba abubuwa na gina jiki da yanayi. Sun nuna thermolability da kuma halakar da dumama a cikin kewayon daga 70 zuwa 95 digiri Celsius for 12-25 minti.

iri exotoxins

Nau'in da irin kwayan gubobi gina a kan manufa na sakamako a kan salula tsarin. Alal misali, rarrabe membranotoksiny, suka rushe rundunar cell membranes ko karya yadawa da kuma aiki kai na ions wucewa ta cikin membrane bilayer. Akwai ma cytotoxins. Yana poisons aiki a kan Kwayoyin hyaloplasm da damemu da dauki assimilation da dissimilation gudana a cikin salon salula metabolism. Sauran mahadi - poisons "aikin" kamar yadda enzymes, msl, hyaluronidase (neuraminidase). Sun kashe tsarin na rigakafi na mutum, abin da aka inactivated a samar da lymphocytes, monocytes da macrophages a Lymph nodes. Tun protease halaka m antibodies, da kuma Lecithinase cleaves lecithin, wani ɓangare na jijiya zaruruwa. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa rushewa daga bioimpulsov, da kuma yadda wani sakamako, to wani karu a innervation na gabobin da kyallen takarda.

Cytotoxins iya aiki a matsayin ƙuna, ta haka akwai halakar da mutunci da lipid Layer membrane daga cikin rundunar cell. Haka kuma, su sami damar rushe shi, kamar yadda mutum Kwayoyin a cikin jiki, da abokansu - nama haddasa samuwar biogenic amines, wanda su ne kayayyakin na na rayuwa da kuma halayen exhibiting mai guba Properties.

Ginshikai na mataki na kwayan gubobi

Microbiological karatu sun tabbatar da cewa endotoxin - wani hadadden tsarin hada da biyu kwayoyin cibiyar. Origin mai guba abu dora wa wani takamaiman cell tsoka mai amsa sigina, da kuma na biyu tsagawa membrane shi shiga kai tsaye a cikin Kwayoyin hyaloplasm. Yana toxin tubalan da na rayuwa halayen: furotin biosynthesis faruwa a cikin ribosomes, ATP kira wanda aka za'ayi da mitochondria, kwafi na nucleic acid. A high virulence na kwayan peptides, daga mahangar da sinadaran tsarin da kwayoyin, saboda gaskiyar cewa wasu daga cikin toxin loci ya ɓadda na sarari tsarin abubuwa a cikin cell, kamar neurotransmitters, hormones da kuma enzymes. Wannan damar da toxin "domin kubuta salula tsaro tsarin" da kuma cikin sauri shiga cikin ta cytoplasm. Saboda haka, tantanin halitta yana makaman kafin kwayan kamuwa da cuta, tun da ikon samar hasarar da nasu m abubuwa: interferon, gamma-globulin, antibodies. Ya kamata a lura cewa da kaddarorin endotoxins da exotoxins ne kama a cewa da iri kwayan gubobi aiki a kan takamaiman Kwayoyin a cikin jiki, da cewa shi ne, da wani babban bayani dalla-dalla.