External da ciki manufofin Gorbachev abubuwan da: tebur

A nasarar duniya akidar Karl Marx juyin juya halin a karo na biyu da rabi daga cikin eighties iya kawai mafarki na incorrigible idealists romance. Tsirara ido iya tabbata daga gazawar umurnin tattalin arzikin da Wauta na ta da sakamakon. A dukan duniya, ciki har da kasashen da suke da ƙananan matakai na raya kasa, da tallace-tallace na ragi dukiya matsalar, yayin da ake kira "gurguzu sansanin" sha wahala daga rashin. Tarayyar Soviet, a rubuce arziki jihar, a yi, ba zai iya ciyar da kansa yawan jama'a. A wannan mawuyacin halin da ya zo iko da wani mutum wanda ba ya son baya shugabannin jam'iyya. Cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin na Gorbachev sa a tarihi gajeren lokaci (na shekaru shida) zuwa ga halaka kusan duk abin da aka halitta da uku ƙarnõni na Soviet mutane. Zarge idan sakatare janar ko kawai cikin yanayi?

Wane irin mutum Gorbachev

Domin da yake wani matashi Soviet shugaban. Saba wa m jawabai na tsofaffi 'yan ƙasa da Tarayyar Soviet shugabannin a farko saurari tare da amfani da sabon zabe Sakatare Janar na da CPSU kwamitin tsakiya, mamaki, a general, da saba stuff - ikon magana a Rasha da kuma ba tare da rubutu. A shekarar 1985, M. S. Gorbachevu ne kawai 54 years old, bisa ga jam'iyyar-nomenclature matsayin - "Komsomolets". A lokacin da lokaci kafin Mastering da mafi ofishin, Gorbachev yana da yawa: gama makaranta (1950), ya yi aiki a hada, to shigar da dokar baiwa na Moscow Jami'ar Jihar, aure (1953) ya zama memba na kwamitin kuma dauki post na jam'iyyar sakataren a Stavropol (1955). Wannan karshe batu kiwata tambayoyi biography: dukkan yi baya da yawa Soviet mutane, amma ya zauna kawai shekaru biyu bayan samun digiri a irin wannan babban kujera - wannan shi ne mayar da hankali a style of Houdini. To, lafiya, watakila wani saurayi (shekaru 22), kuma a zahiri snapped tare da tauraron sama. Bugu da kari, da Sakataren gwamnati, ya kasance ba na farko, da kuma a bi aiki, da ya gama da wani makaranta - aikin gona - da kuma aiki a Komsomol.

A zabi na wani sabon babban sakataren

Mihailom Sergeevichem ko da yaushe "yadda ya kamata gane" jam'iyyar kasashen waje da kuma na cikin gida da manufofin. Gorbachev lura, a shekarar 1978, ya "ya dauki" a Moscow, inda ya fara aiki mai tsanani jam'iyyar. Ya zama sakatare na kwamitin tsakiya, har cewa ya yi yawa ne ba na farko da kuma ba da general. Tun shekarar 1982 ya fara da sananne "tseren da karusai." Domin kabarin (da necropolis kusa da Kremlin bango) ya dauki Brezhnev, sa'an nan Andropov, Chernenko shi, da kuma tambaya ya tashi kamar yadda wanda ya sa a kan wani m matsayi ya katse makokin da gudun fanfalaki. Kuma ya zabi Gorbachev. Ya shi ne auta contender.

A farko shekaru

A bayyane yake, saduwa faru ga wani dalili. Koyaushe fafitikar ga ikon, ko da daya kafar a cikin kabari. Sun kuma ga alama alamar jam'iyyar memba lura shahararren kwaminis shugabanni, ya goyan bayan kansa Gromyko, Ligachev da Ryzhkov kuma gan shi a matsayin mai ceto na ideas na cikin wadanda suka kafa.

Ya protege na Mikhail Gorbachev a farkon kwanaki ba mu kunya. Ya amsa cikin ba tsarin, da karfafa kai-da goyon bayan da dangantaka, yekuwar neman zabe domin hanzari, in general, na farko shekaru biyu, da kuma kasashen waje da kuma cikin gida manufofin Gorbachev zauna a cikin halatta sabawa daga jam'iyyar line ne kullum fluctuating. A shekarar 1987 akwai wasu canje-canje, ga alama bai isa a kula, amma a gaskiya barazana ga tectonic canjawa. A jam'iyyar yarda wasu irin kamfanoni, yayin da iyakance ta m motsi. A gaskiya, shi da aka haifar da tushe na gurguzu, revisionism ruwa mai tsafta, a irin NEP, amma sakamakon cimma a cikin 20s, kuma a cikin '80s kasa. Gorbachev Wannan ciki manufofin ba ya kai ga wani ci gaba a rayuwar tsakanin yawan jama'a da kuma inganta tattalin arziki yi, amma ferment hankula, wanda ya kai ga haifar da akida tushe na Soviet al'umma.

Maimakon cika kasuwa na cheap mabukaci kaya da kuma inganta sabis a catering wasu ƙeta doka. M cafe sun kawai don wannan "kooperativschikov" da kuma tattalin arziki abokan adawar - reketirov (sauki: extortionists). Products ba ya, to daidaita da sabon yanayi iya mun gwada da kananan sashen dutsen mutane yawon buxe ido yanayi. Amma duk da wannan ne kawai farkon ...

Kuma a cikin gwagwarmaya da "kore dragon" lashe macizai

A farko da gaske tsanani buga wa Soviet ikon, Gorbachev biya ta bayarwa a umurninMu kamunkai. Dam a kan m kuma ba haka ba matalauta kewayon shagunan, tanã fita farashin da kuma mai yawa fiye da mutane zai iya gafarta loquacious sakatare janar. Amma ya encroached a kan saba wa m talakawa na rayuwa a kan wanda ya zama halitta hanya na tsere daga m Soviet gaskiya. Irin ciki manufofin Gorbachev rabu daga gare shi a mahimmin juzu'in al'ummar jihar. Babu shakka, da yaki da shan barasa wajibi ne, amma hanyoyin kasance gaba daya unacceptable, da kuma madadin hanyoyi na dama ya ba more. Akwai, ba shakka, video (sake, m), wanda a kananan fee spun dukan "Emmanuel", daga windows na masu zaman kansu "rikodi Studios" ƙaho "tausayi May", amma ga rashin karfi drinks a kantin sayar da duk wannan zai iya ba. Amma da bootleggers da masu sayar da aka iya gãfarta.

A halin da ake ciki tattalin arziki da kuma nasa sakamakon

The West ya dogon suka yi yaƙi da kwaminisanci, ganin shi a matsayin wata barazana ga ta zama. A gaskiya, a cikin 80s, shi ya ba da wani akida adawa - fatan cewa msar tambayar bincike shugabannin Tarayyar Soviet bayar babbar lambobin da zai girgiza, Harsashin a kasuwar tattalin arziki, ya zama dole ba. Kasashen turai tsoron barazanar kasa nagartaccen - nukiliya da makamai masu linzami, misali, ko submarines. Isa tare da shugabanninsu suka ba su mai ma'ana da: sun rushe da tattalin arziki tushe na Tarayyar Soviet, wasa a kan ragewan da farashin man fetur da kuma iskar gas. Wannan ya haifar da kasafin kudin gaira , saboda haka, to da karuwa a hadarin hadarin nukiliya wurare. A chernobyl masifa faru, da yaki ci gaba a Afghanistan, zub da jini da riga matalauta kasafin kudin. Ciki da kuma na waje manufofin Gorbachev taƙaice halin a lokacin kamar yadda a pro-Western. Adawa da aka saki da kuma abin da aka sani samu a cikin Kremlin. Halaka short- da kuma matsakaici-range musguna Yammacin Turai (yarjejeniyar da 1987). Duk wannan da aka yi a kan tilas, amma shige for gestures na ƙauna.

separatism

Lissafi na sada zumunci fahimtar da West kuma ta taimaka ba za shi barata. Ko da more pathetic duba m manufofin Gorbachev. A takaice shi za a iya bayyana a kalma guda: "gazawan". Bambance-bambance na jin zuciya, ya ƙara rura wutar ta waje leken, sun kai ta koli. A jerin kasa da kasa da rikice-rikice (Tbilisi, Baku, Nagorno-Karabakh, Baltic States) ba hadu rebuff - akida ko, a cikin matsanancin, ikon. Society, m a cikin gwagwarmaya da talauci, da aka demoralized. Domestic siyasa Gorbachev iya ba ka dõgara a kan ciki albarkatun da waje kayan shafa ta bai samu. Kamar yadda luck zai yi da shi, akwai wani girgizar kasa a Armenia. Tarayyar Soviet, ya kwanan nan da jũna unshakable, fashe a seams. Nationalist motsi ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin Ukraine, Moldova da kuma Tsakiyar Yankin Asia, jamhuriyoyin da kuma a cikin RSFSR. Duk wannan cin duniya kallo helplessly jagorancin kasar, yada hannuwansa da verbose commenting a kan abin da ke faruwa zubar da jini.

sake fasalin al'amura

Domestic siyasa Gorbachev taƙaice ayyana kansa kalmomi "perestroika" da "tsarin dimokuradiyya". Kowane Sufeto sani cewa canza hali tsarin ginin ne ba zai yiwu idan akwai mutane, amma sakatare-janar tunani in ba haka ba. Kuma ya tashi tubalin a kan kãwunansu ... Enterprises aiki shekaru da dama, sun ba zato ba tsammani marasa amfani baki ɗaya. A jihar kulawa ko zinariya a mahakar nuna a wata asara. Kan kasar loomed ominous specter na rashin aikin yi. Kira zuwa "yi da kowa da kowa a wurin aikinsa a kyau bangaskiya" busa ma m. The discontent na yawan girma da kuma kama duk fadi zamantakewa nauyi - daga cikin karfi magoya bayan gurguzanci, ya ji haushi a wani mataki mai akida asasshe ga magoya bayan m dabi'u, to koka game da rashin 'yancin. By ƙarshen eighties ya balaga da wani tsari rikicin, wanda wani babban har kasance mãsu laifi kansa Mihail Sergeevich Gorbachev. Ciki manufofin bin su, tabbatar da m kuma saba.

Nasarorin da kasashen waje da manufofin

A shekarar 1989, akwai wata kungiya da ikon a mutum daya. Sakatare Janar da kuma shugaban Majalisar Koli ta, kokarin ko ta yaya dauki iko da cikin ayyukan da wakilai,, ma "rambunctious". Nasarar wannan aikin ba da lashe, volitional halaye na kai, wanda ya zama na gaba shekara da shugaban kasar na Tarayyar Soviet (a gaskiya, kai-taken), shi ne a fili bai isa ba.

Illogical da sabanin, da kuma sha wahala ciki da waje manufofin Gorbachev. A takaice za a iya bayyana a matsayin ceton da'awar superpower ba tare da wani yana nufin ainihin tabbaci na status.

Soviet sojojin bar Afghanistan, amma kashin bayan tattalin arzikin riga tilasta ta, kuma wannan halin da ake ciki ba ya taimaka. Duk da haka, Gorbachev ya bayyana da yawa na kasashen waje da abokai - shugabannin, firaministoci da Royals. Sun sami wani m abõkinsa Soviet shugaban kasa, a dadi mutum, a kalla, da suka fahince shi kamar yadda a lokacin da hira. Irin wannan ne ciki da waje manufofin Gorbachev, a takaice da shi za a iya bayyana a matsayin so ya zama m madaidaci.

asasshe zuwa West

Prestige da Tarayyar Soviet ne hanzari da ragewa a duniya, tare da Soviet shugaban ra'ayi tsagaita za a dauke ba kawai Amurka, amma kuma kananan kasashe iyaka da Union, kuma mafi kwanan nan tana nufin da mai makwabcin, akalla matsa a hankali.

Sananne fadada NATO zuwa Gabas ta fara a cikin marigayi Gorbachev shekaru. A weakening na kungiyar tarayyar a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama sun jũya daga shi tsohon tauraron dan adam, a duniya, da kuma musamman Eastern. A rashin albarkatun tilasta Soviet gwamnati a yanka baya na farko, sa'an nan a datse taimakon gwamnatocin, gudanar da zanga-imperialist (ko anti-American) da manufofin. Akwai ma wani sabon wa'adi: "sabon tunani", tare da lafazi a farko syllable kamar yadda idan muna magana ne game da wasu irin linzamin kwamfuta. A kalla, don haka ya furta Gorbachev kansa. Cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin (da taron tebur kafin rushewar duniya gurguzu tsarin da aka nuna a kasa) da aka bursting a seams ...

Wannan ya (kamar yadda aka fahimci Gorbachev) ciki da waje da manufofin. Table ci gaba a gwamnatin garambawul ne babu kasa depressing:

A cikin tarihi na Tarayyar Soviet da akwai 'yan misalai da cewa sun kai ga irin wannan m sakamakon, kamar yadda da m manufofin Gorbachev. Tebur a fili ya nuna cewa a duk uku main yankunan sakamakon da aka m garambawul.

na karshe

Juyin mulki, da ake kira juyin mulki, ta kaddamar a watan Agusta na shekarar 1991, ya nuna cikakken rashin ƙarfi daga cikin m ikon zuwa m hakikar da na karshen Millennium. Domestic siyasa M. S. Gorbacheva, da rauni, kuma saba, ya sa a cikin wani gajeren lokaci zuwa Lalacewar Tarayyar Soviet da goma sha biyar, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa, wahala ga mafi part "fatalwa sha raɗaɗin" post-kwaminisanci lokaci. Sakamakon na asasshe, a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama ji yau.