Facultative anaerobes - menene wannan? Misalai da kuma rarrabuwa

Wakilai Monera mulki, kazalika da wasu parasitic tsutsotsi da kuma algae da fungi halin musamman nau'i na hadawan abu da iskar shaka hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi da ke faruwa a cikin rashi na kwayoyin oxygen ko a low taro. Kwayoyin da suke zaune a wani oxygen-free yanayi - shi anaerobes. Facultative da obligate jinsunan, kazalika da misalai na rayuwa da kuma rarrabuwa za a yi la'akari da mu a cikin wannan labarin.

Don me kuke bukatar numfashin

Mun saka da cewa za mu magana game da abin da ake kira ciki, ko salula, numfasawa. Its main aiki ne, don samar da makamashi daga abubuwa, musamman glucose shigar da cell. Idan hadawan abu da iskar shaka matakai da shan kashi oxygen - da kwayoyin ake kira aerobic. Idan mutum sami wani rabo na makamashi da substrate phosphorylation ba tare da inflow na Yã ₂ kwayoyin - ne kwayoyin, anaerobes.

Wannan lokaci coined da Lui Pasterom a 1861, da farko yi amfani ne kawai ga wani nau'i na prokaryotes yin butyric acid fermentation. A zamani ilimin karkashin wannan sunan duk kwayoyin a hade, ta amfani da wata karshe Mai karɓar ba oxygen, da kuma nitrates, hydrogen ko Organic mahadi. Numfashi sarkar aerobic, facultative da obligate anaerobes, wanda muka yi la'akari da kasa, matakai da za'ayi makamashi metabolism, ta hanyar abin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na glucose, fats da kuma amino acid don ya CO _2, H ₂ Ya kuma NH _3. Note kuma cewa anaerobic metabolism kasa m fiye da oxygen. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ci gaban da in babu oxygen bukatar karin substrate, misali glucose. Energy a sakamakon daga cikin tsagawa oxygen-free tsaye ne kuma karami. Alal misali, lokacin da glycolysis - 2 moles kowane daga ATP daga glucose kwayoyin, alhãli kuwa oxygen tsakiyan nonon na hada 36 kwayoyin na adenosine triphosphate.

A iri-iri na anaerobes

A zamani rarrabuwa hada daban-daban na kwayoyin, musamman kwayoyin. Alal misali, facultative anaerobes - wani aya, ko Multi-celled jinsunan prokaryotes, shuke-shuke ko fungi, wanda catabolism ba ya bukatar Yã _2. Amma gabansa a cikin cytosol na cell ko a waje yanayi ba ga mutane da m. Alal misali, wadannan sun hada da kwayoyin mutum pathogens: anginal streptococcus hemolytic staphylococcus. Su facultative anaerobes, da kuma wasu iri kwayoyin cuta, wanda rayuwar da amfani ga mutane. Saboda haka, thermophilic Streptococcus lazimta a kansu lactose zuwa C ₃ H ₆ Yã _3, da ake amfani da a samar da fermented madara kayayyakin: cream, m madara, taushi da cuku. A magani, shi ne ba makawa a samar da probiotics amfani don rigakafin cutar gudawa da kuma enterocolitis na daban-daban etiology. Ci gaba da rarrabuwa na anaerobes, lura makroaerofilov zaune a cikin wani yanayi inda maida hankali Yã ₂ bai wuce 0.5-1%.

Daga gare su, da yawa mutum pathogenic nau'in, kamar streptococci, haddasa pharyngitis, kuma Lyme cuta. Sauran iri facultative aerobes rayuwa a cikin mutum gastrointestinal fili, haddasa daban-daban iri gastritis da kuma ciki ulcers. A causative wakili na sama cututtuka ne da aka sani Helicobacter. A manyan yawan makroaerofilov game da facultative anaerobes, bukatar su metabolism babban abun ciki na carbon dioxide. Wadannan sune ake kira prokaryotes capnophile.

Numfashi sarkar facultative anaerobes

Muna ci gaba da karatu da halaye na wannan kungiyar da kwayoyin cuta metabolism. Karkashin awon yanayi, mun gano cewa, sun za a iya ƙaddara a cikin wani bayani na Organic abubuwa dauke da daban-daban nauyi rabo na oxygen. Wadannan anaerobes zai tara a kusa da kasa na tube, cikinsa da taro na Yã ₂ ne low. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa facultative anaerobes - wani kwayoyin to wanda kananan allurai da oxygen ba su da wani tsanani tareda žata sakamako. Tun da farko da muka ambata cewa, wasu kungiyoyin na kwayoyin cuta, misali, denitrifying, da karshe Mai karɓar ne nitrate - nitrogen mahadi, hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga baya.

A numfashi sarkar facultative anaerobes a catalytic halayen da hannu enzyme nitrate reductase, wanda ya samar da na'urar kai da ion NO ₃ ^-. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta ne prokaryotes na danginsu Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Suna zaune a cikin tafkunan da kuma a rigar ƙasa. Wadannan kwayoyin amfani nitrate oxygen acid salts a matsayin electron Mai karɓar, dauke da ake kira "nitrate numfasawa".

Da muhimmancin da enzyme a catabolism da kwayoyin cuta

A metabolism na kwayoyin muhimmanci aiki da catalytic tsarin ne da za'ayi, bayar cytochromes, catalase, flavin enzymes, peroxidase. Saboda haka, flavoproteins taka rawa memba a haɗa da substrate da oxygen kwayoyin, wanda sai an rage wa hydrogen peroxide. Ganin cewa a facultative anaerobes - ne kwayoyin metabolism abin da ya auku biyu a gaban Yã _2, da kuma a cikin wani oxygen-free yanayi, wadannan iri biyu prokaryotes za a iya bambanta. Bari mu bincika su, a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Iri facultative kwayoyin

Aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles - fairly cikakken jerin prokaryotes, na numfashi sarkar wanda shi ne partially ko gaba daya dogara a kan gaban gina jiki bayani da oxygen kwayoyin. Alal misali, allerotolerantnye oxidizing kwayoyin lactose, masu tasowa, a gaban Yã ₂ amma ba yin amfani da shi a cikin numfashi sarkar. Su haduwa da makamashi ta hanyar fermentation halayen. Sauran tilas anaerobes, msl, yisti Kwayoyin, dangane da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na substrate iya wuce daga fermentation tsari ga oxygen numfashi.

Cytochromes da su duk da muhimmancin a metabolism

Complex sunadaran - proteid kunsawa heme (ƙarfe-dauke da} afar roba kungiyar) - shi ne cytochromes. By musharaka cikin salon salula numfasawa a jikin kwayoyin cutar da yisti, sun kasance su biyu masu bada taimako da kuma electron acceptors. Iron zarra} afar roba kungiyar reversibly canja da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar daga +2 +3 zuwa. Wannan damar da su safarar electrons daga cytochrome dehydrogenase zuwa acetaldehyde ko pyruvic acid. Facultative aerobes, anaerobes da microaerophiles electron acceptors iya gabatar da kwayoyin da carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, amino acid.

Ma'ana prokaryotes, anaerobes a sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi

Yana ba abu mai yiwuwa hawan keke organogenic babban abubuwa, msl, nitrogen da ke faruwa a cikin biosphere duniya, ba tare da sa hannu na kwayoyin. Tun facultative anaerobes - ne da farko denitrifying kwayoyin cuta, za su iya rage narkewa a nitric acid salts zuwa ƙasa ko N ₂ Ya zuwa free nitrogen. Denitrification daukan wuri mafi rayayye a cikin kasa dauke da wani wuce haddi adadin ruwan da nitrogenous taki. A sakamakon sinadaran halayen na free nitrogen kwayoyin sake koma wa cikin yanayi ta rufe sake zagayowar na ta rikirkida a yanayi.

Probiotics da su abubuwan da mutum

Na fiye da 500 jinsunan kwayoyin da zauna cikin mutum gastrointestinal fili, wani muhimmin wuri ne shagaltar da facultative anaerobes. Shi ne na farko, kuma farkon wakilan da danginsu Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Candida. The most yawan su aka located a cikin manyan hanji. Yana kwayoyin tsara motility (motsi abinci talakawa), kuma haduwa da bitamin B, kuma C. Suna kuma da hannu a cikin ci gaban da m sunadaran - immunoglobulin, da kuma waɗanda suke a cikin bi da bi, samar da bactericidal hanji abinda ke ciki. Medical karatu sun nuna cewa abun ciki na kwayoyin cuta a cikin mutum ciwon rage-rage sharply bayan cututtuka saboda da kumburi tafiyar matakai da kuma bayan kwayoyin far.

Don mayar da microflora a cikin gastrointestinal fili ta amfani da kwayoyi - probiotics. Sun ƙunshi amfani facultative anaerobes - bifidobacteria da lactobacilli. Da zarar a cikin mutum ciwon, sun tabbatar da al'ada aiki da kuma rage illar na sama. Da aka fi amfani probiotics tabbatar a gastroenterology - wani "Hilak forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".