Grade - cewa shi ne: da halaye

Bayan koya wa noma shuke-shuke, mutane suka fara ƙoƙari ya inganta tsare su da haifuwa daga cikin mafi ingancin siffofin. Ko a zamanin da, da yawa irin alkama, inabi da aka halitta, daban-daban 'ya'yan itatuwa. Kamar haka ya tashi da kimiyya da bunkasa sabuwar shuka iri - selection.

Rabuwa da asalin iri

Class - abin da yake da shi? Grade kira kwari rukuni na shuke-shuke kafa kiwo hanyoyin da mallakan heritable dabiu a cikin wannan kungiya. Kowace shuka iri-iri yana da wani sa na morphological, nazarin halittu, da tattalin arziki halaye, wanda ƙayyade da halaye. Description of iri-iri hada da dama fasali. The asalin nuna tushen da kayayyakin amfani ga halitta shi. Akwai wata babbar iri-iri na horar da daji shuke-shuke daga wanda aka zaba da ake so abubuwa domin selection. Bisa wannan ka'ida ya kasu kashi biyu iri daban-daban, a sararin ra'ayi kamar yadda iri-iri. Mene ne ta iri-iri - a kasa. 1. Local - samu ta hanyar dogon lokaci selection za'ayi da yawan jama'a a wani takamaiman wuri. Suna da kyau adaptability zuwa muhalli da yanayi na yankin.

2. Selection - ne dangane da hanyoyin kimiyya da kuma, dangane da hanyar da kau, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi da dama kungiyoyin:

• sa line samu ta hanyar mutum zabin da ɗiyansa daga daya kai-pollinated amfanin gona, sa'an nan faye hali kama da siffofin da halaye, amma tare da lokaci saboda maye gurbi rasa wannan uniformity.
• sa-yawan - An yawanci landraces kafa ta giciye-pollinating amfanin gona taro selection, a cikin abin da lokaci guda na faruwa da na halitta hybridization tare da sauran related shuke-shuke.
• Kwafi masu kunnen doki iri ne ɗiyansa daga wani guda, karbe vegetatively, al'adu da kuma samun high homogeneity da kwanciyar hankali.
• sa hybrids Form dabbar ta hanyar canjin da fasalin sa na al'adu na ƙarni da dama, zabi shuke-shuke da kyawawa Properties.

nazarin halittu ãyõyi

Kiwo iri. Mẽne ne ya gabatar da wadannan tattalin arziki-nazarin halittu ãyõyinSa?

1. Resistance zuwa m muhalli dalilai:

• Hardy - resistant to low yanayin zafi al'ada dace namo a cikin matsakaici band kuma mafi arewacin yankunan, dangane sa.
• fari-resistant - iya yin wani gagarumin rashin danshi da kadan asarar yawan aiki.

2. A tsawon lokaci na girma kakar - a lokaci ga wanda shuka dole ne je ta hanyar dukan sake zagayowar na ci gaba. Ya dogara da irin al'adunsu, da aji, zafi-ƙauna ko sanyi juriya, da kuma wasu dalilai. Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin nazarin halittu nuna alama da ake bukata domin ta dace karba-karba na amfanin gona.

3. A amfanin ƙasa ne m da yawan aiki na samfur, cewa shi ne, da talakawan yawan amfanin ƙasa da shuka, da kuma talakawan yawan shuke-shuke da naúrar yankin suna located. Domin perennial woody shuke-shuke, ya kiyasta riga a} uruciyarsa, yawanci a kilo da itace.

4. samoplodnye characterizes da ikon shuke-shuke yi da kwai da kai-pollination. Idan wannan kudi ne low ko sifili, saboda haka dole ne a kusa da wata shuka cewa pollinator zai zama a gare shi.

5. Ku ɗanɗani halaye ne daban-daban dangane da abun ciki 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries acid da kuma sugars.

6. Resistance zuwa kwari da cututtuka ne mai matukar muhimmanci ingancin domin samar da kayayyakin tsabtace muhalli, a matsayin aiki da magungunan kashe qwari take kaiwa zuwa su jari a tsire-tsire da kuma a cikin yanayi. Wannan shugabanci ba a zabin da kawai daya daga cikin main, amma kuma mafi wuya, saboda sosai high m bambancin da ikon haifa daga kwari da pathogens.

7. The ikon da harbe to rutin da aka kafa da yafi ga Berry bushes.

waje siffofin

Iri bambanta a morphological fasali:

• canza launin furanni.
• siffar da jagged gefuna da zanen gado;
• shuka tsawo.
• Dankali - da launi na fata, siffar tuber.

A tsawon lokaci, da sabon iri-iri da aka rasa muhimmanci Properties, da kuma kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba a aikin noma da sa zuwa ga al'adu samar mafi girma bukatunsu, don haka da aiwatar da samar da inganta maki dole ne m.

Jarrabawa na sabon iri-iri

Saboda haka, wani sabon iri-iri fitarwa. Mene ne shari'a kariya na kasa da kasa Union ga Kariya na Selection Nasarori? An bayar da kare moriyar shayarwa da recoverability kudi ciyar da su. Domin doka kariya ga iri-iri dole sha fasaha gwaninta, ciki har da uku halaye.

1. A qa'idar na bayãni na iri - photos, bayanin ya kamata ya kasance a fili rarrabe daga duk wani sauran da aka sani a wannan lokacin.

2. A qa'idar na homogeneity na iri - shuke-shuke da alaka da samarwa jinsunan ya zama guda a wannan hanya na haifuwa.

3. Stability sharudda - duk halayen da kaddarorin dole ne a canja bayan maimaita yaduwa.

Da zarar sabon shuka iri-iri za su wuce duk gwaje-gwaje a kan wani musamman site, shi ne ba da sunan varietal, kuma aka gabatar a cikin jihar Register na kiwo nasarori.

Development of sabon iri na samar da bil'adama mafi m amfanin gona, shi ne mafi resistant ga mutane da yawa m muhalli dalilai. Rayuwa buga sabon bukatun ga wani iri-iri na amfanin gona, don haka yanzu ɓullo da hanyoyin don mugun gudu up kiwo cewa zai rage lokacin cin gaban sabon high quality-iri na shuke-shuke a nan gaba.