Kiwo hanyoyin

Dalili na nasarar wani kiwo - bambancin kwayoyin na abu da kuma zabin hanyoyin. Yin amfani da wannan kayan damar zuwa samu sabon hybrids da iri, tare da wani iri-iri na halaye da dukiyoyinsu. Dalili na selection aza cikin shahararrun masana kimiyya na duniya:

- Mendel (aza harsashin ginin halittar jini, ya gano da manufa na discreteness).

- Darwin (kafa ka'idar da asalin, ya ciyar da yawa gwaje-gwajen a kan mararraba).

- T. Fairchild (a 1717 samu na farko wucin gadi hybrids cloves).

- I. Gerasimov (bude canza yawan tsakiya da kuma hereditary canje-canje hade tare da maye gurbi).

- M. F. Ivanov (gabatar kayyade ka'idojin a cikin kiwo na dabbobi) .

- N. K. Koltsov (ƙirƙirar dalilin kwayoyin halittar jini).

- NI Vavilov (gano dokar homologue jerin).

- I. V. Michurin (kawo da yawa 'ya'yan hybrids).

Ainihin hanyoyin da kiwo shuke-shuke da dabbobi da aka ɓullo da a kan tushen duk gabata binciken da inganta tun. Shayarwa a cikin aikin yin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na selection: inbreeding, wucin gadi mutagenesis, polyploidy, hybridization. Wadannan su ne mafi yawan amfani da hanyoyin da waddan sabon shuka da dabbobi jinsunan.

Babban hanyoyin da shuka kiwo: hybridization da selection. Cross-pollinated shuke-shuke selektsioniruyut da taro selection na da wa] annan da suke da kyawawa Properties. Domin mafi tsarki Lines, cewa shi ne, kwayoyin homogeneity na iri, amfani da mutum selection, a cikin abin da kai-pollination aka samu da samun da ɗiyansa daga wani mutum guda, wanda yana da mafi kyau fasali. A hasara wannan hanya ne cewa a lokaci guda akai-akai lura m manifestations na recessive genes. Babban dalilin wannan shi ne ya motsa mai manyan yawan kwayoyin halittu a cikin homozygous jihar. A tsawon lokaci, da jari na recessive jinsin maye gurbi, wucewa a homozygous jihar, za a iya sa illa hereditary canje-canje. A yanayi, da kai-pollinated shuke-shuke suna recessive genes aka canjawa wuri a cikin wani Jihar homozygotes kuma a shuka da sauri mutu.

Idan wani Hanyar kai-pollination ne sau da yawa rage da ake samu. Don inganta ta gudanarwa baibayin daban-daban kai pollinating shuke-shuke da kuma Lines ne high-samar da gwaggwabar riba hybrids. Irin wannan zabin hanyoyin da ake kira interlinear hybridization. Yana yana da mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa na farko tsara hybrids. A wannan yanayin, akwai wani sananne sakamako na heterosis, bisa ga abin da iko hybrids samu ta hanyar su tsallaka 'm' Lines. Su ne resistant zuwa illa, saboda sun shafe ta da cutarwa sakamakon recessive kwayoyin halitta, kuma da ƙungiyar karfi rinjaye kwayoyin halittu iyaye shuke-shuke kara habaka da sakamako.

Sau da yawa, zaɓi na daban-daban shuke-shuke amfani da gwaji polyploidy. Kamar wancan samu shuke-shuke da manyan size, ba mai kyau girbi ya kuma tashi cikin hanzari. Artificial polyploids samu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da sinadaran abubuwa da deplete rarraban dogara sanda. A sakamakon haka, ninki chromosomes kasance a cikin wani aure core.

New iri na fitarwa da kuma yin amfani da wucin gadi mutagenesis. Da kwayoyin, wanda a sakamakon maye gurbi da sabon Properties, yana mai rauni lamarinsa, don haka idan zabin yanayi da aka shafe ta. Domin zabin da kuma ci gaba na sabon iri da kuma breeds bukata da rare mutane da suke da wani tsaka tsaki, ko kuma m maye gurbi.

dabba kiwo hanyoyin ba su bambanta ba daga ainihin hanyoyin da shuka kiwo. Aiki tare da su - su jima'i haifuwa da kuma kananan zuriyarsa. Selection na iyaye da kuma irin crossbreeding da za'ayi tare da wasu manufofin kafa ta makiyayin. All dabbobi suna yaba ba kawai ta hanyar da waje halaye, amma kuma a kan inganci da asalin daga zurriyar. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci mu san su zuri'a. Da aka fi amfani selection kiwo Hanyar 2:

- inbreeding (haɗa dangi) - haye iyaye, da 'yan'uwanku mãtã, da' yan'uwansa. Wannan mararraba ba za a iya gudanar da illa ma sha Allahu. Ana amfani, kamar yadda mai mulkin, don inganta Properties daga cikin dutse.

- outbreeding (wani m) - hybridization na daya ko wakilan daban-daban breeds da m selection na zuriyarka tare da mafi Properties.

Hybridization dabbobi ne sosai kasa m fiye da hybridization shuke-shuke. Irin wannan interspecific hybrids ne sau da yawa bakarare.