Hadin kai ta Shanghai Organization (kungiyar SCO) - wannan shi ne abin da irin kungiyar? A abun da ke ciki na kungiyar SCO

A yau duniyarmu tana da fiye da jihohi 250, a kan ƙasa wanda fiye da mutane biliyan bakwai suke rayuwa. Don ci gaba da cinikin kasuwanci a duk faɗin al'umma, kungiyoyi daban-daban sun kafa, membobinsu wanda ke ba wa kasashe membobin amfani da tallafi daga wasu jihohi.

Daya daga cikin su shine kungiyar hadin kan Shanghai (SCO). Wannan tsarin siyasa, tattalin arziki da soja na Euras, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2001 daga shugabannin jihohin da aka kafa a shekara ta 1996, Shanghai biyar, wanda a wancan lokacin ya hada da Sin, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Rasha, Tajikistan. Bayan da Uzbekistan ta shiga, an sake sa wa kungiyar.

Daga Shanghai biyar zuwa SCO - ta yaya?

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, SCO wata ƙungiya ce ta asali, dalilin da aka tsara shi ne sanya hannu a Shanghai a watan Afrilu na 1996 na yarjejeniyar, wanda ya kafa kyakkyawar ƙarfafa amincewar sojoji a kan iyakokin jihohi tsakanin Kazakhstan, Sin, Kyrgyzstan, Rasha da Tajikistan, Ta wannan asalin bayan shekara ta Yarjejeniyar, wanda ya rage adadin mayakan sojoji a yankunan iyaka.

Bayan haka, an gudanar da taron ne a kowace shekara. Kasashen da ke halartar taro sun kasance a shekarar 1998 babban birnin Kazakhstan Alma-Ata, a 1999 - babban birnin Kyrgyzstan Bishkek. A shekara ta 2000, shugabannin kasashe biyar sun hadu a babban birnin kasar Tajikistan, Dushanbe.

A shekarar da ta gabata, an sake gudanar da taron ne a Shanghai, China, inda biyar suka shiga cikin shida saboda Uzbekistan shiga. Saboda haka, idan kuna son sanin ko wane ƙasashe ne mambobi ne na SCO, zamu taƙaita: yanzu kungiyar tana da kasashe shida masu cikakken zama memba: Kazakhstan, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Kyrgyzstan, Rasha, Tajikistan da Uzbekistan.

A cikin watan Yuni, a cikin watan Yuni, dukkan shugabannin kasashe shida sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da aka kafa game da kafa kungiyar, inda aka fahimci matsayin da aka yi a birnin Shanghai na biyar, tare da marmarin shugabannin kasashen don canja hadin kai a cikin tsarinta zuwa matsayi mafi girma. A shekara ta 2001, a ran 16 ga watan Yuli, manyan kasashe biyu na SCO - Rasha da Sin - sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniya ta Aminci, Aminci da Hadin gwiwa.

Kusan shekara guda daga baya, ganawar shugabannin kasashen da ke halartar taron ya faru a St. Petersburg. A lokacin, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta SCO, ta ƙunshi manufofi da ka'idojin, wanda kungiyar ta bi ta. Har ila yau yana ƙayyade tsari da nau'i na aiki, kuma an riga an yarda da takardun aikin bisa ka'idar kasa da kasa.

A yau, kungiyoyin membobin SCO sun mallaki fiye da rabi na ƙasashen Eurasia. Kuma yawancin wadannan ƙasashe kashi ɗaya cikin dari ne na yawan mutanen duniya. Idan muna la'akari da jihohi masu lura, to, mazaunan kasashen SCO sun kasance rabin yawan al'ummar mu, wanda aka lura a taron kolin Yuli na 2005 a Astana. Da farko dai wakilan India, Mongoliya, Pakistan da Iran sun ziyarci su. Nursultan Nazarbayev, shugaban kasar Kazakhstan, wanda ya halarci taro a wannan shekara a wannan shekara, ya lura da wannan hujja a cikin jawabinsa maraba. Idan kana so ka sami cikakken fahimta game da yadda sassan SCO ke samo asali, ana nuna wannan taswira a kasa.

Shirye-shirye na SCO da hadin gwiwa tare da wasu kungiyoyi

A shekara ta 2007, an fara abubuwa fiye da ashirin da yawa game da tsarin sufuri, makamashi, da sadarwa. An gudanar da tarurruka akai-akai don tattauna batutuwan da suka danganci tsaro, harkokin soja, tsaro, manufofin kasashen waje, tattalin arziki, al'adu, banki da sauransu duk lokacin da tattaunawa ta wakiltar wakilan kasashe SCO. Jerin ba a iyakance ga wani abu ba: batun batun tattaunawa shine duk batutuwa da, a ra'ayin masu halartar taron, ana buƙatar kulawar jama'a.

Bugu da ƙari, an kafa dangantaka da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Shi ne da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD), inda kungiyar SCO - Kiyayewa na babban taron majalisar, da Tarayyar Turai (EU), da Association of kudu maso gabas Asian Duniya (ASEAN daga English Association of Kudu-gabashin Asiya Duniya. ), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), da Organization of Islamic Hadin gwiwa (OIC). A 2015, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Rasha ta Bashkortostan Ufa zai shirya taron kolin SCO da BRICS, daya daga cikin manufofinsa shine kafa kasuwancin kasuwanci da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyi biyu.

Tsarin

Babbar kungiyar ta ƙungiyar ita ce Majalisar Ma'aikata. Suna yin yanke shawara a cikin tsarin ayyukan al'umma. Ana gudanar da tarurruka a tarurruka da aka gudanar kowace shekara a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe. A lokacin, da majalisar shugabannin kasashe hada shugabannin Kyrgyzstan - Almazbek Atambayev, kasar Sin - Sin Xi Jinping, Uzbekistan - Islam Karimov, Kazakhstan - Nursultan Nazarbayev, Rasha - Vladimir Putin da kuma Tajikistan - Emomali Rahmon.

Ƙungiyar Shugabannin gwamnati ita ce ta biyu mafi muhimmanci a SCO, tana rike da kudade a kowace shekara, tana tattauna al'amurra da suka danganci hadin gwiwa, da kuma amincewa da kasafin kuɗi na kungiyar.

Har ila yau, majalisar ministocin harkokin waje ta haɗu da tarurruka akai-akai, inda suke magana game da halin da ake ciki a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, hulɗa tare da wasu kungiyoyi ya zama batun don tattaunawa. Bisa gagarumar sha'awar gudanar da taro a taron Ufa, dangantaka ce tsakanin SCO da BRICS.

Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata na Kasa, kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, ya haɓaka hadin gwiwa tsakanin jam'iyyun jihohi, da Dokar SCO ta tsara.

Sakatariya ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa a cikin al'umma. Suna aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen tsarin da dokoki, shirya takardun takardu (sanarwa, shirye-shiryen). Har ila yau, yana aiki ne a matsayin mai tsare-tsare na tsare-tsaren, yana shirya wasu abubuwan da ke faruwa inda kasashe membobin SCO ke aiki, kuma yana inganta watsa bayanai game da kungiyar da ayyukansa. Sakatariya ya kasance a babban birnin China, Beijing. Babban Daraktansa na yanzu shi ne Dmitry Fedorovich Mezentsev, tsohon gwamnan lardin Irkutsk, memba na Majalisar Tarayya ta Rasha.

Gidan hedkwatar Yanki na Yanki na Yanki (RATS) yana cikin babban birnin Uzbekistan, Tashkent. Yana da jikin da ke tsaye, wanda babban aikinsa shine haɓaka hadin kai dangane da ta'addanci, rarrabewa da tsauraran ra'ayi, wanda SCO ke jagoranta. An zaba shugaban wannan tsari na tsawon shekaru uku, kowane yan kungiya yana da hakkin ya aiko wakilin wakilai daga kasarsa zuwa tsari na antiterrorist.

Yin hadin kai a fannin tsaro

Kasashen SCO suna da hannu wajen gudanar da ayyuka a fannin tsaro, suna mayar da hankali kan matsaloli na tanadi ga kasashe masu shiga. Yana da mahimmanci a yau game da hatsarin cewa yan kungiyar SCO a tsakiyar Asiya zasu fuskanta. Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, ayyukan da kungiyar ta kunshi sun hada da ta'addanci, rabuwa da tsauraran ra'ayi.

A taron kungiyar SCO na Yuni 2004 da aka gudanar a birnin Tashkent, babban birnin Uzbekistan, an kafa Tsarin Yanki na Yanki (RATS) kuma daga bisani aka kafa. A cikin watan Afrilu 2006, kungiyar ta sanar da sanarwar game da shirin da aka yi da makircin da ake amfani da su wajen aikata laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi a kan iyaka ta hanyar ayyukan ta'addanci. A daidai wannan lokacin, an sanar da cewa SCO ba ƙungiyar soja ba ce, kuma kungiyar ba zata zama ba, amma yawancin lamarin da ake yi a matsayin ta'addanci, tsauraran ra'ayi da rarrabewa ba shi yiwuwa ga ayyukan tsaro ba tare da shiga tsakani na sojojin ba.

A cikin watan Oktobar 2007, a watan Oktoba, a Dushanbe, babban birnin Tajikistan, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tare da kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama (CSTO). Manufar ita ce ta fadada hadin kai a kan batutuwan tsaron, magance aikata laifuka da kuma cinikin haramtattun kwayoyi. An amince da yarjejeniyar hadin kai tsakanin kungiyoyi a birnin Beijing a farkon shekarar 2008.

Bugu da ƙari, SCO tana adawa da hanyar cyberwar, yana nuna cewa an watsa bayanin da zai cutar da ruhaniya, halin kirki da al'adu na sauran ƙasashe ya kamata a yi la'akari da tsaro. Bisa ga ma'anar kalmar "yakin basira" wanda aka karɓa a 2009, irin waɗannan ayyuka an fassara su ne a matsayin wata ƙungiya ta siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na wata kasa ta rushewa.

Hadin gwiwa tare da mambobi ne na kungiyar a cikin rundunar soja

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyar tana aiki a cikin ayyukansa, wanda makasudinsa shi ne hadin guiwar soja, da yaki da ta'addanci da musayar bayanai.

A wannan lokacin, 'yan kungiyar SCO sun gudanar da darussan kayan aikin soja: an fara farko a shekara ta 2003 a sassa biyu a Kazakhstan sannan kuma a kasar Sin. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Rasha da PRC karkashin jagorancin SCO sun gudanar da horar da sojoji a shekarar 2005, 2007 (Peace Mission 2007) da 2009.

Fiye da sojojin kasar Sin dubu 4 sun zama mahalarta taron horar da sojoji a 2007 a yankin Chelyabinsk, sun amince da wata shekara da suka wuce a yayin taron ministoci na SCO. A lokacin da suke, an yi amfani da karfi na iska da manyan makamai. Bayan haka, Ministan Tsaro na Rasha, Sergey Ivanov, ya sanar da cewa shirye-shiryen sun kasance masu gaskiya kuma suna bude wa jama'a da kuma kafofin yada labarai. Sakamakon nasarar da suka samu ya sa hukumomin Rasha su kara fadada hadin gwiwa, don haka a nan gaba su zama dan takara a cikin irin wannan gwajin a karkashin sashin SCO, Rasha ta gayyaci Indiya.

Aikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2010 ne sojoji suka fara aikin "zaman lafiya na zaman lafiya 2010", wanda ya haɗu da mutane fiye da 5,000 na kasar Sin, Rasha, Kazakh, Kyrgyzstan da Tajik wanda suka gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwar yin aiki da kuma shirya aikin soja.

SCO ita ce dandamali don muhimmin maganganun soja da kasashen da ke ciki suke yin. Saboda haka, a lokacin bikin na Rasha na 2007, a lokacin ganawar shugabannin kasashen, shugaban kasar Vladimir Putin ya sanar da cewa bama-bamai na Rasha na sake tura jiragen su don shiga yankin a karo na farko tun lokacin yakin Cold.

Ayyukan SCO a cikin tattalin arziki

Bugu da ƙari ga memba a cikin SCO, ƙungiyar ƙasashe ta ƙungiyar, banda PRC, na daga cikin ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Eurasia. Da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar jihohin da kungiyar SCO, da transferor da kuma hadin gwiwar tattalin zuwa wani sabon matakin, ya faru a cikin watan Satumba 2003. A wannan lokaci kuma, firaminista Wen Jiabao ya yi kira ga kasashen yammacin Afirka da su yi kokari don aiwatar da wani yanki na cinikayya a kasashen SCO, da kuma daukar wasu matakan da za su inganta ingantaccen kayayyaki a ciki. Sakamakon wannan tsari shine sanya hannu a shekara ta 2004 akan shirin shirin 100.

A watan Oktoba 2005, Sakataren MDD ya bayyana cewa taron kungiyar na SCO zai ba da fifiko ga hadin gwiwar makamashi da ke hada da bangaren man fetur da gas da kuma hadin gwiwar amfani da albarkatu na ruwa da kuma ci gaba da sababbin reshe na hydrocarbon. Har ila yau, a wannan taron, an amince da kafa Cibiyar Bankin Duniya na SCO, wa] anda ke da alhakin bayar da ku] a] en ayyukan ha] in gwiwar gaba. An fara taron farko a birnin Beijing, kasar Sin a watan Fabrairun 2006, kuma a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar ya zama sananne game da ci gaban shirye-shiryen Rasha don abin da ake kira "SCO Energy Club". An tabbatar da bukatar tabbatar da ita a taron kolin Nuwamba 2007, duk da haka, ban da Rasha, babu wanda ya yi amfani da shi don aiwatar da wannan ra'ayin, amma a watan Agusta na 2008 aka amince.

Taron taron na 2007 ya sauko cikin tarihi tare da kokarin da mataimakin shugaban kasar Iran Parviz Dawoodi ya yi, wanda ya ce SCO wani wuri ne mai kyau don tsara sabon tsarin banki wanda ba ya dogara ne a kan sauran kasashen duniya.

A taron Yuni na 2009 a Yekaterinburg, wadda SCO da BRICS suka yi a wannan lokacin, hukumomin kasar Sin sun sanar da bayar da bashin dala biliyan 10 ga mambobin kungiyar don karfafa tattalin arzikin su a fuskar matsalar kudi na duniya. .

Ayyuka na kasashe a SCO a filin al'adu

Ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar Shanghai, ban da siyasa, soja da kuma tattalin arziki, kuma yana gudanar da ayyukan al'adu a hankali. An fara taron farko na ministocin al'adu na kasashen SCO a babban birnin kasar Sin, Beijing a watan Afrilun 2002. A yayin ganawar, an sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwar, yana tabbatar da ci gaba da hadin kai a cikin wannan filin.

A karkashin jagorancin SCO a Kazakhstan Astana a shekara ta 2005, tare da taron na gaba, ana gudanar da bikin zane-zane da zane na farko. Kazakhstan kuma ya ba da shawara don gudanar da bikin wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a a karkashin jagorancin kungiyar. An amince da wannan shawara, kuma an gudanar da bikin a Astana a 2008.

Game da rike kuɗi

Bisa ga Yarjejeniyar da aka sanya, an gudanar da taron SCO na majalisar shugabannin kabilu kowace shekara a birane daban-daban na kasashe masu shiga. Har ila yau, litattafan sun bayyana cewa, majalisar wakilan gwamnati (firaministan kasar) tana gudanar da taro a kowace shekara a kan yankunan mambobin kungiyar a wani wuri da aka zaɓa a gaba da mambobinta. Majalisar dattawan kasashen waje ta gana da wata guda kafin taron shekara-shekara da shugabanni ke gudanarwa. Idan ya wajaba a tattara taron tarurruka na majalisar ministoci na kasashen waje, za'a iya tsara ta a cikin shirin kowace jihohi biyu.

Wanene zai iya shiga SCO a nan gaba?

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2010, an amince da tsari don shigar da sabon mahalarta, amma har yanzu babu wanda ke son shiga kungiyar zuwa kasashe ya zama cikakken mamba. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin jihohi sun kasance masu halartar taron SCO a matsayi na masu kallo. Kuma sun nuna sha'awar shiga cikin babbar tawagar. Don haka, a nan gaba, Iran da Armenia za su iya zama mambobin SCO. Firayim Ministan kasar Tigran Sargsyan, a lokacin ganawar da takwaransa na kasar Sin, ya nuna sha'awar samun matsayi mai lurawa a kungiyar Shanghai International Organization.

Masu lura da SCO

Yau a cikin wannan matsayi a cikin kungiyar akwai kasashe na SCO da BRICS. Afghanistan, misali, an samu shi a taron kolin Beijing a shekarar 2012. Indiya kuma tana aiki ne a matsayin mai kulawa, kuma Rasha, ganin shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abokan hulɗar da ke gaba a gaba, ya kira shi ya zama babban mamba na SCO. Wannan aikin Rasha ya taimaka ma kasar Sin.

Iran kuma tana aiki ne a matsayin mai lura, wanda zai kasance cikakken shiga cikin watan Maris na 2008. Duk da haka, takunkumi da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya ta hana yin amfani da shi na wucin gadi don shiga kasar zuwa SCO. Abinda ke cikin kasashe masu kallo ya hada da Mongoliya da Pakistan. Har ila yau, wannan na son shiga cikin kungiyar. Wannan sha'awar yana goyon bayan Rasha.

Hadin gwiwa don tattaunawa

Abinda aka tanada a kan abokan hulɗa ya bayyana a shekara ta 2008. An bayyana a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 14 na Shaidar. A cikin wannan, abokin hulɗa yana kallonsa a matsayin wata kasa ko kungiya ta kasa da kasa da ke ba da ka'idoji da manufofi da SCO ke bi, kuma yana da sha'awar kafa dangantakar dangantaka ta hadin gwiwa da daidaitawa.

Wadannan kasashe suna Belarus da kuma Sri Lanka sun samu wannan matsayi a shekarar 2009, a lokacin taron kungiyar a Yekaterinburg. A shekarar 2012, a lokacin taron koli na Beijing, da dama tãrẽwa ne a cikin tattaunawa Turkey shiga.

Hadin gwiwa tare da kasashen Yamma

Mai Yammacin kallo ne na ra'ayin cewa kungiyar SCO kamata ƙirƙirar counterweight ga Amurka da kuma zuwa ga NATO domin su hana yiwu rikice-rikice, da barin Amurka su tsoma baki a cikin harkokin na kasashe makwabta - Rasha da kuma China. America kokarin samu Kiyayewa matsayi a cikin kungiyar, amma da aikace-aikace da aka ƙi a 2006.

A shekarar 2005 taron a Astana dangane da soja ayyuka a Afghanistan da kuma Iraki, kazalika da bai tabbata halin da ake ciki game da kasancewar sojojin na Amurka a Kyrgyzstan da Uzbekistan, da cewa kungiyar ta bukaci ga mahukuntan Amurka game da lokaci na janye sojojinta daga kasashe mambobin kungiyar na kungiyar SCO . Bayan da Uzbekistan da aka sanar request ga ƙulli daga cikin K-2 iska gindi a kan karkararta.

Ko da yake kungiyar ba a sanya wani kai tsaye kalamai a kan m kasashen waje da manufofin ayyuka na Amurka da kuma da kasancewar a cikin yankin, wasu tsaye ba kalamai a kwanan nan tarurruka da aka bi da da da kafofin watsa labaran yammacin a matsayin zargi Washington da ta ayyuka.

geopolitics kungiyar SCO

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da batun ga comment da kuma tattaunawa da zama geopolitical yanayin da kungiyar.

Zbigneva Bzhezinskogo ka'idar ce Eurasia management - ne key zuwa duniya mamayar, da kuma yiwuwar iko a kan da tsakiyar Asiya ya bada ikon don sarrafa Eurasian nahiyar. Sanin abin da kasashe mambobi ne na kungiyar SCO, zamu iya cewa, duk da alaƙa raga don magance ta'addanci da kuma inganta lafiya na kan iyakar yankunan, da kungiyar, bisa ga masana, kowane kokarin da aka yi don daidaita aiki na Amirka, da kuma NATO a tsakiyar Asiya .

A kaka na shekarar 2005, ministan harkokin wajen kasar Rasha Sergei Lavrov ya ce a cikin hali na kungiyar na aikin da nufin kafa kawai, kuma m duniya domin kuma samuwar wani tushen sabon model na geopolitical hadewa. Wannan aiki da aka gudanar a matsayin rayayye, kazalika da aikin da alaka zuwa wasu duniyoyin na rayuwar zamantakewa.

Sin kafofin watsa labarai sun bayar da rahoton cewa, a daidai da jawabi na kungiyar SCO da kuma membobinta da ake bukata domin samar da tsaro a yankin, sabili da haka suka tura da West ba su tsoma baki a cikin harkokin. A wasu kalmomin, kasashen Asiya zo tare ya halicci mai kyau madadin zuwa Turai da kuma na kasa da kasa al'ummomi da za a gina nasu, mai zaman kanta da kasashen yammacin kasa da kasa.