Haduwa da kuma bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta. Jigon mamaki da kuma misalan

Kamar yadda ka'idar juyin halitta, duk halittu masu rai a duniya sun samo asali ne daga sauki siffofin da more hadaddun. Amma idan duk abin da aka motsi a cikin wani madaidaiciya line, daga inda sa'an nan yi irin wannan iri-iri iri da kuma alƙarya? Don bayyana wannan sabon abu zai iya zama bambanta rarrabuwar da kuma haduwa. A ilmin halitta, wadannan Concepts wakiltar halaye da kuma alamu na jinsi.

Musamman ka'idar juyin halitta

Ainihin ka'idar juyin halittar rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu, wanda aka goyan bayan kimiyya - shi ne ka'idar juyin halitta. A karo na farko da dokoki da dokokin da aka tsara a cikin XVII karni. Ya unshi dogon aiwatar da halitta canje-canje a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta zuwa wata qualitatively sabon matakin.

Ka'idar ya shafi ci gaban da kwayoyin, daga cikin sauki zuwa ga mafi hadaddun siffofi, wanda aka tare da kwayoyin maye gurbi, adaptations, da kuma nau'i nau'i na jinsin samuwar. Modern ka'idar dogara ne a kan zato na Charles Darwin ta zabin yanayi da kuma yawan itatuwa aure data on maye gurbi, kwayoyin gantali, canza allele mitoci.

Juyin Halitta yakan haifar gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta na kowa tushen daga wanda ya fara da ci gaba. A wannan yanayin da zato na daya ko biyu daga optionally magabatansu. Masana kimiyya da'awar cewa magabatan kwayoyin iya zama more, amma duk suka kasance a cikin kinship kungiyoyin.

Babban regularities juyin halitta wadda fitowa ne haduwa da kuma bambanta rarrabuwar. A ilmin halitta, misalai da siffofin da wadannan matakai da aka bayyana Charlz Darvin. Žara koyo game da abin da suka wakilci, bayyana a kasa.

Bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta

Tare da Latin kalma tana nufin ", sãɓã wa jũnamai" da kuma za a iya amfani da su kawai tare da girmamawa ga halitta. Bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta na nufin abin da ya faru na ãyõyin bambance-bambance tsakanin kwayoyin. A da ginshikin ne multidirectional volatility cewa ya taso ne daga halittu masu rai daidaita da yanayi daban-daban.

Yana bayyana su canza wasu sassa na jiki ko jikinsu da kuma saye da wani ɓangare na sabon fasali da kuma damar. Bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta - a kowa sabon abu. Yana bayyana a sakamakon zabin halitta ', wato, da gwagwarmayar zama. ãyõyi da saye rage gasar - kowane sabon yawan iya ɗaukar ta muhalli alkuki, ba tare da shafi wasu jinsunan. Yana kuma na faruwa a sakamakon kadaici.

Bambanta rarrabuwar iya faruwa a matakin jinsuna, HALITTAR, iyali da kuma kungiyar. Tare da taimakon, misali, azuzuwan kasu kashi dabbobi masu shayarwa hakori, dabbobi masu cin nama, Proboscidea, cetaceans, mannyan birai, da kuma wasu raka'a. Su, bi da bi, ya raba up cikin karami kungiyoyin, abin da ya bambanta a waje da kuma ciki tsari.

Divergences a ilmin halitta: Misalan

Bambanta rarrabuwar take kaiwa zuwa gaskiyar cewa akwai daban-daban a cikin tsarin da kwayoyin da cewa ya kasance a cikin wannan taxonomic kungiyar. Duk da haka, har yanzu suna da wani na kowa-akai, gyara da jiki sassa yi wannan ayyuka. Alal misali, cikin kunnuwa masu kunnuwa, amma a wasu suna more elongated, taso keya a sauran, da fuka-fuki na tsuntsu da wasu takaice, wasu dogon.

Kyakkyawan misali shi ne a cikin nau'i na wata gabar jiki na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Jinsuna daban, da suka bambanta dangane da yanayin rayuwa da kuma mazauninsu. Saboda haka, da cat paws da taushi gammaye da Primate tsawo da kuma m yatsunsu for gripping rassan, a cikin tẽku, zaki samo asali flippers, shanu - kofato. Don gane abin da yake cikin bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta, zai iya zama misali na whiteflies. Malam wannan iyali ake azurtã daban-daban abinci a matafila mataki: daya ci kabeji, da sauran - turnip, na uku - beetroot, da dai sauransu ..

Tsire-tsire, sãɓã wa jũnamai ãyõyi bayyana a cikin nau'i na ganye. Akwai su zama murtsunguwa spines sun samo asali barberry allura. Har ila yau, bambanta rarrabuwar za a iya gano zuwa matakin na tushen tsarin. Wasu shuke-shuke da tushen-suckers, da dankalin turawa ne tuber, beetroot da karas suna kara kauri da kuma juya a cikin asalinsu.

haduwa

Idan bambanta rarrabuwar ne halayyar da alaka da kwayoyin, da haduwa, da bambanci, an lura a m kungiyoyin. Yana bayyana kanta a kama na dabiu a daban-daban kwayoyin tsare. Kamar yadda bambanta rarrabuwar bayyana a sakamakon zabin halitta ', amma a wannan yanayin shi ne da nufin daidai a daban-daban na raka'a, da sauransu. D.

Animals ko shuke-shuke, wanda kasance a mabanbanta azuzuwan, zama m, a tsarin da kuma ayyuka na Authority. Wannan shi ne saboda da janar mazauninsu ko kama da salon. Amma su kamance kada ka mĩƙar da dukan jiki, haduwa rinjayar kawai ne ga waɗanda abokai da suke da zama dole don daidaita da wasu yanayi.

Saboda haka, dabbobi da cewa motsawa ta cikin iska, da fuka-fuki. Amma wasu iya alaka da kwari, da kuma wasu - don vertabrate. Na cikin ruwa kwayoyin da streamlined jiki siffar, ko da yake ba dole ba ne da alaka da juna.

misalai haduwa

A siffar jikin dabbobin ruwa, Whales da kifi - hankula haduwa. Saboda waje kama da sharks Whales da dabbobin ruwa da mambobi ne na farko kifi. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa su - dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar numfashi haske, ana haifuwarsu ne da live haihuwa da kuma da dama sauran fasali.

A matsayin misali, da haduwa za a iya rage fuka-fuki jemagu, da tsuntsaye da kuma kwari. A gaban wadannan gawawwaki saboda hanyar rayuwar dabbobi, wanda aka koma da gudu. A tsari da kuma tsarin da fuka-fuki su ne da gaske daban-daban.

Wani misali - gaban gills kifi da Shellfish. Wani lokacin haduwa bayyana kanta in babu wani daga cikin jikinsu. Saboda haka, a kan wasu volcanic tsibirin sanaki wingless malam, kwari da kuma sauran kwari.