Muciya: iyakoki na biosphere. A abun da ke ciki na biosphere da kuma kan iyaka. A babba iyaka da biosphere

A biosphere aka dauke su wani harsashi na Duniya, sanaki rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa rayayye canza shi cikin rayuwarsa.

Tarihi da binciken

A ra'ayi na biosphere matsayin rai yankin ya shiga kimiyya Zhan Batist De Lamarck a farkon rabin na XIX karni. Shi ya zo kusa da ta hankali. Amma ajalin da aka buga da Austria masanin kimiyya Edward Suess. Ya yi aiki a filin na binciken kasa da biosphere gane da totality of duk kwayoyin. Yanzu, wannan ma'anar da kalmar "Biota". Suess ya gabatar da jarrabawa da kuma gudanar da bincike da sakamakon a cikin shahararrun rubutun "The Face na Duniya", abin da ya bayyana binciken kasa da Alps.

A zamani ra'ayi na biosphere tsara Rasha masanin kimiyya geochemist wanda yana da wani encyclopedic ilmi da yawa a cikin filayen kimiyya - Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Kamar yadda wani Farfesa a mineralogy a Moscow University, ya zama marubucin "Muciya" babban aiki, da aka buga a 1926. An a cikin wannan aiki, ya ba na farko cikakken definition wannan lokaci.

V. Vernadsky gaskiya imani da cewa biosphere - shi ne babban concentric yankin na Duniya, wanda ke taka rawar da babban geochemical karfi. Saboda haka, shi ne a sarari inda rayuwa ta wanzu a wannan lokacin ko taba wanzu, cewa shi ne, domin biosphere ne halin gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ko su na rayuwa kayayyakin.

The iri abubuwa a cikin biosphere

V. I. Vernadsky bambanta da dama iri kayayyakin da samar da tushen da biosphere.

1. A gaskiya da abu mai rai, wadda aka kafa ta a sa na kwayoyin.
2. Gina jiki wanda aka kafa a lokacin da kuma bayan da ayyukan da kwayoyin saura. Shi ne game da yanayi gas, kwal, man fetur da sauransu.
3. Inert abu wanda aka kafa ba tare da shiga tsakanin na kwayoyin.
4. Bioinert abu - a fili sakamakon da aiki na kwayoyin a tare da abiogenic tafiyar matakai.

biosphere suna iyaka m daidai da gaban na sama jam'i na abubuwa a cikin ƙasa bawo.

Rayuwa al'amari a Muciya

Babu shakka cewa ainihin makamashi tafiyar matakai da kuma geochemical ci gaba da wajibi sa hannu na rai al'amari. V. I. Vernadsky tsara manufar da shi. Rayuwa al'amarin - duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ya wanzu a wannan lokacin, guda ya kafa da aka gyara, wanda aka bayyana a cikin elemental sinadaran abun da ke ciki, nauyi da kuma makamashi.

Babban dukiya rai al'amari ne da aiki saboda da dangantaka da yanayi m gina jiki kwarara. A rafi kafa a lokacin numfashi, abinci mai gina jiki, haifuwa. A wannan mahallin, da muhimmanci ayyuka na kwayoyin za a iya gani a matsayin mai iko planetary ma'aunan kasa da halin da tsari.

Dindindin hijirarsa daga sinadaran abubuwa tsakanin kwayoyin da yanayi a duka kwatance ci gaba. Aiwatar da wannan tsari ne yiwu godiya ga kusanci na firamare da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin sunadarai abun da ke ciki na Duniya ta ɓawon burodi.

Tsire-tsire dauke da photosynthesis, a Muciya haifar da hadaddun kwayoyin kwayoyin ciwon manyan samar da makamashi. Saboda haka, rai al'amari accumulates da kuma canza alaka da annuri makamashi na rana. Motsi makamashi ne sanya yiwu saboda da m girma da kuma ci gaba. Speed haifuwa, kamar yadda gaskiya dauke V. I. Vernadsky, shi ne cikin kudi a da makamashi da aka canjawa wuri zuwa geochemical biosphere.

iyakokin

Sashe na daga cikin Muciya, a cikinsa akwai halin yanzu rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, da ake kira neobiosferoy. A wasu kalmomin, na zamani. Kuma da sarari cewa ya gida zuwa tsohon kwayoyin ne paleobiosfery.

A total taro na Geosphere duniya ne game da 2420 ya kai tan biliyan. Wannan darajar ne 200 sau da taro na yanayi. Saboda haka, za mu iya cewa da mai rai abu Layer a cikin jimlar taro Geospheres negligible.

Da iyaka da kuma sikelin da yuwuwar adaptability kwayoyin sa "vsyudnost rai." Halittu masu rai aka hankali zaunar da su a teku, da teku, sa'an nan ƙware a kan ƙasar. A cewar Vernadsky, da abun da ke ciki da kuma iyakoki na biosphere an canza yanzu.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa, sabanin sauran terrestrial bawo iya ɗauka ne kawai biosphere hadaddun. Shi aikin da aiki na "cover" na barinku, kuma shi ne mazauninsu na wani jam'i na kwayoyin, wanda zai iya hada mutane.

biosphere iyakoki tsare kamar haka. Ya qunshi ƙananan yanayi zone, da babba sashi daga cikin lithosphere kuma duk hydrosphere. Kuma da tsawo na da yanayi, halin da sanyi, low matsa lamba, da kuma zurfin teku, da matsa lamba na wanda zai iya zuwa har 12,000 atmospheres, - duk wannan biosphere. Iyakoki na biosphere haka m saboda sosai fadi da kewayon zazzabi haƙuri kwayoyin.

Ya kamata a lura cewa akwai kwayoyin wanda zai iya zama a cikin vacuo. Iyaka da sinadaran yanayi na karbuwa ne ma m. The real ne da wanzuwar kwayoyin, misali, a karkashin m rinjayar ionizing radiation. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wasu jinsin su ne don haka Hardy cewa a kan wasu sharudda su ne yiwu ko da waje da biosphere.

Bugu da kari ga wadannan asali yanayi, da rayuwar kwayoyin saboda da haƙuri da na yanzu biogenic kwayoyin halitta.

A babba iyaka da biosphere

zama a daban-daban Heights a sassa daban daban na duniya rãyukansu, a cikin yanayi. A yankunan da ta Kudu da kuma ta Arewa sandunan, wannan darajar ne 8-10 km, kusa da ekweita - 17-18 km, a kan dukkan sauran yankunan - 20-25 km. Saboda haka, rayuwa mai cike da kawai troposphere - ƙananan ɓangare na yanayi

The jiki iyaka yaduwar rayuwa a cikin yanayi ne a ƙananan iyaka na lemar sararin samaniya Layer.

hydrosphere

Hydrosphere kafa tekuna, tekuna, Lakes, da kõguna da kankara. A duk acan ne rayuwa. Mafiya yawa na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta sun shagaltar da surface yadudduka da kuma gabar teku. Amma ko da a zurfin 11.022 mita, mafi zurfi ciki na teku (Mary), akwai mazaunan. Neobiosfera ma ya hada da sediments da suke da zarar gida zuwa tsohon tãlikai.

Ƙananan iyaka da biosphere

Idan muka magana game da lithosphere, kasar gona, ba shakka, shi ne mafi yawan na ta gado, amma lura da wanzuwar rayuwa shi ne da yawa da zurfi - kamar 6-7 kilomita karkashin kasa. Wannan ya shafi, a sama da dukan, zurfin fissures da kogwanni.

Kwayoyin inhabiting da biosphere

Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ya kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin, dangane da hanyar da ke samar da makamashin da ake bukata domin rayuwa: autotrophic da heterotrophic. A mazauninsu na biyu kungiyoyin ne Muciya. biosphere suna iyaka ayyana ta da rarraba.

Wakilai daga autotrophic kwayoyin a cikin su rage cin abinci da aka ba a hade da wani halittu masu rai. Wannan na bukatar su zuwa ga hasken rana ko da makamashi da sunadarai shaidu na inorganic mahadi. Kuma a sa'an nan, da kuma sauran za a iya amfani da wani ikon source, yayin da ikon da suke samu daga ma'adinai abubuwa.

Autotrophs ya kasu kashi biyu subgroups. Yana phototrophs (kore) da kuma chemotroph (kwayoyin). A farko ne iya zama kawai a shigar azzakari cikin farji daga hasken rana. Amma na biyu, da yin amfani da sinadaran mahadi na Organic yanayi a matsayin ikon source, shi ne ya fi yawa.

Heterotrophs akasin haka, kamar yadda kafofin samar da makamashi da kuma ikon bukata kwayoyin abubuwa samar da wasu kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne, ba tare da na farko aikin autotrophs su zama ba zai yiwu ba. Dabbobi, da kuma mutane, kamar yadda wani mazaunin na Muciya, suna heterotrophic kwayoyin.

"Film na Life"

A unevenness da rarraba rayuwa - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin muhimman siffofin, wanda aka halin da biosphere. Iyakoki na biosphere da magangara mafi ƙasƙanci yawa na rayuwa. Mafi ma lura a jamsin na wuraren. A general, da rarraba rayuwa a cikin biosphere ne da cika fuska m. V. I. Vernadsky gabatar da Kalmar "film na rayuwa", don bayyana da taimakon mafi densely lugar yankunan da biosphere. lamba iyaka "gona-iska." - shi ne na farko daga cikin wadannan fina-finai, ta kauri ne game da 2 to 3 cm da aka wakilta biyu lamba zone "iska-da-ƙasa" -pribrezhnaya tsiri da upwelling zone. The uku zone aka wakilta euphotic Ocean (200 m), m. E. Free shigar azzakari cikin farji yankin na hasken rana ray.

Saboda haka, rayuwa ta hanyar mayar da "da fuskar ƙasa," An inextricably nasaba da manufar "biosphere". Iyakoki na biosphere - a kan iyakar rayuwa.

Sarari-aikin kungiyar - wani inji tabbatar da cewa "da ma'aunan kasa zamanai na dukan abubuwa masu rai." Man, kamar yadda wani mazaunin na Muciya, tare da sauran heterotrophic kwayoyin ne kai tsaye takara a da makamashi sake zagayowar cewa goyi bayan rayuwa a duniya.