Halitta kimiyya - shi ne ... jiki yanayin kasa. Chemistry, Physics

Kimiyya - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci yankunan mutum aiki a yanzu mataki na ci gaba da duniya wayewa. A yau, akwai daruruwan daban-daban tarbiyya: fasaha, zamantakewa, jin kai da kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Me yasa suka koyi? Yadda za a ci gaba da tarihin yanayin a cikin tarihi al'amari?

Halitta kimiyya - wannan shi ne ...

Menene kimiyya? Lokacin da aka haife, kuma daga abin da shugabanci ne?

Halitta kimiyya - wani horo da cewa karatu da na halitta mamaki da kuma mamaki wanda ya bayyana waje da bincike batu (mutum). Kalmar "kimiyya" a cikin Rasha harshen da aka samu daga kalmar "halitta", da cewa shi ne, synonymous da kalmar "halitta".

Kafuwar kimiyyar yanayin halitta za a iya gani a matsayin ilmin lissafi da falsafa. Daga cikin wadannan, da kuma manyan, duk ya zo zamani kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Da farko, naturalists kokarin amsa duk tambayoyin da a kan yanayi da kuma ta duk manifestations. Sa'an nan, a matsayin mawuyaci na bincike batu, kimiyya fara karya up cikin raba tarbiyya cewa a ƙarshe Stavan mafi bambanta.

A cikin mahallin na zamani sau halitta kimiyya - wani hadadden na kimiyya tarbiyya yanayi, dauka a kusa da dangantaka.

A tarihin na kimiyyar yanayin halitta

A ci gaba da kimiyyar yanayin halitta ya sauka a hankali. Duk da haka, mutum sha'awa a cikin mamaki na halitta ta bayyana kanta a tsufa.

Halitta falsafa (a gaskiya, kimiyya) da aka rayayye ci gaba a zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Ancient gabascin, ta amfani da m hanyoyin bincike da kuma, a sau, diraya, iya yin wani yawan binciken kimiyya da kuma muhimmanci balanci zato. Ko sa'an nan, da masana falsafa da na halitta da aka gamsu da cewa cikin ƙasa revolves a kusa da rana, zai bayyana da hasken rana da kuma Lunar eclipses, quite daidai mataki da sigogi na duniya tamu.

A tsakiyar zamanai da ci gaban da na halitta kimiyya ta ragae da yawa da suke dauke da dogara a kan coci. Masana kimiyya da dama a lokacin da aka tsananta wa da ake kira sauran addinai. All kimiyya karatu da bincike, a gaskiya, ya sauko ya ga fassarar kuma gaskata daga cikin nassosi. Duk da haka, a zamanin tsakiyar zamanai yawa dabaru da ka'idar raya. Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa a wannan lokaci da cibiyar da na halitta falsafa (kai tsaye nazari na halitta mamaki) geographically canja wajen Arab-Muslim yankin.

A Turai, saurin cigaban halitta kimiyya farawa (ci gaba) ne kawai a cikin XVII-XVIII ƙarni. Wannan shi ne wani lokaci na manyan sikelin-jari na gaskiyane ilmi da empirical data (da sakamakon da "filin" na dubawa da bincikawa). 18th karni kimiyya ma dangane da gudanar da bincike a kan sakamakon da yawa na labarin kasa expeditions, iyo, nazarin sabon bincike asashe. A cikin XIX karni, sake zo da fore dabaru da kuma ka'idojin tunani. A wancan lokaci, masana kimiyya sun rayayye aiwatar duk tattara facts, da ciyar da daban-daban theories samar da nasu dokokin.

Mafi shahararren naturalists a tarihin kimiyya kamata hada Thales, Eratosthenes, Pythagoras, Klavdiya Ptolemeya, Archimedes, Isaaka Nyutona, Galileo Galilei, Rene Dekarta, Blaise Pascal, Nicola Tesla, Mikhail Lomonosov da kuma wasu shahararrun masana kimiyya.

Matsalar da na halitta kimiyya rarrabuwa

Don asali kimiyyar yanayin halitta ne: LISSAFI (wanda kuma sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin "Sarauniyar sciences"), sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, sanin halitta. Matsalar rarrabuwa na kimiyyar yanayin halitta, akwai sun dade damu game da zukatan fiye da daya dozin masana kimiyya da kuma theorists.

Shi ne mafi kyau mu jimre wa wannan rudanin Friedrich Engels - Jamus Falsafa da kuma masanin kimiyya, wanda aka fi sani da wani aminin Karla Marksa da co-marubucin daga cikin shahararrun aikin taken "Capital". Ya ya iya gane biyu main ka'idojin (m) da typology na kimiyya tarbiyya: wani haƙiƙa m, kazalika da manufa na ci gaba.

A mafi cikakken rarrabuwa na sciences miƙa wa Soviet methodologist Bonifatii Kidron. Yana bai rasa ta munasaba a yau.

List of Natural Kimiyya

A dukan hadaddun na kimiyya tarbiyya za a iya raba uku da manyan kungiyoyin:

• adam (ko zamantakewa) sciences.
• aikin injiniya.
• halitta.

Binciko yanayin baya. A cikakken jerin kimiyyar yanayin halitta da aka gabatar a kasa:

• ilmin taurari.
• jiki labarin kasa;
• ilmin halitta.
• magani.
• binciken kasa;
• gona kimiyya.
• kimiyyar lissafi.
• kimiyyar yanayin halitta.
• sunadarai.
• o;
• ilmin dabbobi.
• Psychology.

Amma ga lissafi, da masana kimiyya babu yarjejeniya a kan wanda kungiyar na kimiyya tarbiyya shi ya kamata a bi. Wasu la'akari da shi wata halitta kimiyya, wasu - m. Wasu hanya ya shafi lissafi a wani aji da ake kira m (ko m) kimiyyar.

sunadarai

Chemistry - ne a sararin filin da na halitta kimiyya, babban abu na nazarin abu, da kaddarorin da kuma tsarin. Wannan kimiyya ya wadãtu da jiki ta halitta abubuwa a kan atomic da matakin kwayoyin. Yana kuma nazarin sinadaran bonding da kuma halayen tasowa daga hulda da daban-daban tsarin barbashi abu.

Domin da farko lokacin da ka'idar cewa duk halitta jikuna an yi sama da karami (ba bayyane zuwa ga mutum) abubuwa, tura da Girkanci Falsafa Democritus. An zaci cewa kowane abu qunshi finer barbashi, kamar yadda kalmomi kunshi daban-daban haruffa.

Modern sunadarai - wani hadadden kimiyya, wanda ya hada da dama dozin tarbiyya. Wannan inorganic da kwayoyin sunadarai, Biochemistry, geochemistry, ko da sarari sunadarai.

kimiyyar lissafi

Physics - daya daga cikin tsofaffin sciences a duniya. Bude ta dokokin ne akai, kafuwar ga dukkan halitta kimiyya tarbiyya tsarin.

Domin da farko lokacin da Kalmar "physics" da ya yi amfani da Aristotle. A wancan zamani, kusan m falsafa. A zaman kanta kimiyya kimiyyar lissafi fara juya kawai a cikin XVI karni.

Yau, a karkashin kimiyyar lissafi fahimtar kimiyya da cewa karatu al'amari, tsarinta da motsi, kazalika da dokokin general yanayi. A da tsarin gano wani yawan babban sassan. Wannan shi ne na gargajiya makanikai, thermodynamic, jimla kimiyyar lissafi, Dangantakar, kuma wasu wasu.

physiography

A rarrabe a tsakãnin halitta da kuma agaji sciences dauki wani m line a kan "jiki" da zarar united labarin kasa, da rarraba ta raba da'a. Saboda haka, jiki labarin kasa (da bambanci da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa) da aka a ƙirjin a kimiyyar yanayin halitta.

Wannan kimiyya karatu da yanayin Duniya ta harsashi a matsayin dukan, kazalika da wasu halitta gyara da kuma tsarin kunshe a abun da ke ciki. Modern jiki labarin kasa kunshi jerin masana'antu bincike. Daga cikin su:

• wuri mai faɗi da karatu.
• geomorphology.
• climatology.
• hydrology.
• oceanography.
• gona kimiyya, da sauransu.

Kimiyya da al'adu: hadin kai da kuma bambancin

Bil Adama, kimiyyar yanayin halitta - kamar yadda idan sun kasance nisa baya, kamar yadda kuma zai iya ze?

Hakika, waɗannan tarbiyya ne daban-daban a cikin wani batu na gudanar da bincike. A kimiyyar yanayin halitta binciken yanayi, da agaji - mayar da hankali da su da hankali a kan mutum da kuma al'umma. Bil Adama ba zai iya gasa da na halitta daidai, ba su iya zuwa shifran tabbatar da ka'idarsu da kuma tabbatar da jarrabawa.

A daya hannun, wadannan batutuwa suna a hankali alaka, lauye da juna. Musamman ma a cikin mahallin na XXI karni. Saboda haka, ilmin lissafi ya dade dauka tushen a cikin adabi da kuma music, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai - a art, Psychology - a zaman labarin kasa da kuma tattalin arziki da sauransu. Bugu da kari, shi ya dade da bayyana cewa mutane da yawa muhimmanci binciken an sanya kawai a jamsin na dama kimiyya tarbiyya wanda, a duban farko, da babu abin da na kowa.

A ƙarshe ...

Halitta kimiyya - wani reshe na kimiyya da karatu da na halitta mamaki, tafiyar matakai da kuma mamaki. Wadannan tarbiyya akwai da yawa: shi ke sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, sanin halitta, labarin kasa da kuma ilmin taurari.

Kimiyyar yanayin halitta, duk da yawa bambance-bambance a cikin batun, kuma Hanyar bincike, wanda aka nasaba, da zaman takewar kimiyya da kuma al'adu. Musamman karfi da wannan dangantaka tana bayyana a cikin XXI karni, a lõkacin da duk sciences converge da intertwine.