Mene ne dangantakar da take tsakanin wucin gadi selection da kuma kiwo? Artificial selection da kuma zabin: wani misali

Samar da al'umma ta duniya da abinci - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi latsa zamani al'amurran da suka shafi. Isar da shi a tuna da cewa kimanin 12% na mazaunan duniya wahala daga ciwon tamowa, kuma kusan mutane biliyan ne chronically jin yunwa. A ci gaba da sabon high-samar da gwaggwabar riba iri na shuke-shuke da halittar breeds na gona da dabbobi iya taimaka a warware wannan matsala. Yana hulda da wannan ayyuka, da kuma selection. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a ta asali dabaru, kazalika da gano abin da yake da dangantaka tsakanin wucin gadi selection da kiwo na dabbobi, tsirrai da kwayoyin.

Modern shuka kiwo da kuma burinta

Don ciyar da yawan jama'ar kasar - da babban fifiko da m kimiyya tafiyad da karuwa a yawan aiki na zamani da iri da kuma breeds, kazalika da halittar da sabon siffofin, wanda aka tsara su don saduwa da gaggawa bukatun biyu noma da sassa na masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci. Kamar yadda ja layi a ƙarƙashinsu a babban Rasha jini N. I. Vavilov, nazarin fasali na dangantaka tsakanin wucin gadi selection da kuma kiwo yana da muhimmanci ga zaɓa da ake so siffar, kazalika a lokacin hybridization. N. I. Vavilov ya ba da musamman rawar da bambancin da genotypes mutane zuwa underpin kiwo gwaje-gwajen. Wani babban kalubalen fuskantar kimiyya - kariya daga kwayoyin abu na daji iri na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, wanda genotypes ne mangaza na m halayen da dukiyoyinsu.

Charles Darwin da kuma koyarwarsa a kan wucin gadi selection

Don gane abin da yake da dangantaka tsakanin wucin gadi selection da kuma kiwo, bari fahimci abin ne mai matukar wucin gadi selection da kuma ta rawa wajen ci gaban na sabon breeds na dabbobin gida da kuma horar da shuka iri. Bari mu tuna cewa Charles Darwin tsare da wucin gadi selection matsayin irin mutum aiki, da nufin biyu a sume, kuma tare da wani dalili don adana da mafi m mutane, ya kuma samu daga su tsallaka babban adadin zuriyarsa. Methodical nau'i na wucin gadi selection ne a halin yanzu daya daga cikin manyan kayayyakin aiki, a cikin arsenal na shayarwa dole sai.

Yana da bakin ciki, amma da kaddarorin da kuma siffofin zaba a matsayin da amfani da kuma dole ga mutum, a mafi yawan lokuta ka zama sha'aninsu dabam da kuma ko cutarwa ga shuka ko dabba. Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suka zama garkuwa daga cikin bukatun da son zũciyõyin mutum. Alal misali, sanannun Dutch irin na shanu, da bada har zuwa 14 dubu lita na madara a kowace shekara, ba zai iya zama ba tare da wani musamman feed da kyau kula. Wani misali: da kajin tumbler - ado breeds na tattabarai - ba da kansa shiga cikin kwasfa daga cikin kwai, kamar yadda sakamakon wucin gadi selection na tsawon na baki tsuntsaye ne mai tsanani rage, amma su ikon hadaddun tumbling a lokacin jirgin, a kan m, ya zama sosai high. Bugu da kari, an gano cewa, rage nunawa biyu shuka da dabbobi kwayoyin correlatively hade tare da karin gyara canzawa kwayoyin.

Nau'i na wucin gadi selection, kuma su inganci

Ci gaba da tambaya, abin da yake da dangantaka tsakanin wucin gadi selection da kuma kiwo, la'akari da siffofi biyu: mutum da kuma taro. A farko daya ba mafi kyau m sakamakon, tun nazarin bar guda mutane da mafi alamar genotypes da waje fasali. A gene pool kwayoyin ƙaddara da hanyar da asali da kuma nazarin da backcrossing. Mass hangen zaman view selection kasa saboda wasu drawbacks, kamar phenotypically da rarrabuwa rukuni na mutane na iya zama ko dai homo- ko heterozygous. Last mararraba juna, da makiyayin iya fara cimma m bayyanuwar kyawawa halaye, amma a cikin shakka daga m matings za a iya lura karuwa a cikin aukuwar homozygous mutane, abu don rashin kiwo.

selection sakamakon

Mutane daya-daya, kazalika da m wucin gadi selection da kuma kiwo iya amfani da sakamakon na biyu siffofin canzawa: yadda maye gurbi da gyara. Wannan damar masana kimiyya don ƙirƙirar da kuma jinsi iri tare da pre-sa ran siffofin da dukiyoyinsu. Musamman zaba iyayentaka ma'aurata wanda tambaya siffofin daban-daban hybridization, samar da bayyanar zuriyarsa tare da annabta phenotypic halaye.

Bambance-bambance wucin gadi selection na kiwo

Idan akai la'akari da hanyoyin da waddan sabon breeds da iri amfani da masu bincike, yana yiwuwa a gano kowa fasali, wato yin amfani da outbreeding, da kuma sabon abu na heterosis da kuma nazarin siffofi tsallaka. Wannan ya nuna cewa wucin gadi selection da kiwo - wannan abu. A gaskiya, irin wannan kiwo dabaru, kamar jawo mutagenesis, retsiproktnoe hybridization, gene canja kaya biotechnological hanyoyin, muhimmanci fiye da hadaddun da fadi fiye da dabaru na wucin gadi selection.

Wadannan iri shuka kiwo ya kai ga zargin baya wadanda ba babu a cikin yanayi na genetically modified kwayoyin, wanda kaddarorin da dama umarni na girma fi da cewa da data kasance jinsunan. Alal misali, genetically modified dankalin turawa, irin wanda kwayoyin dauke da DNA din ya ware daga chromosome da Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro ne resistant ga mutane da yawa kwari da ba su shafi phytophthora.

A iri-iri na asali siffofin - tushen kiwo

Saba da bakwai yankuna na Duniya, shine cibiyar na asalin da domestication na amfanin gona da dabbobi, na taimaka wa bayyana wannan tambaya, abin da yake da dangantaka tsakanin wucin gadi selection da kuma kiwo. An m tarin tsaba (game da 1600 jinsunan shuke-shuke) tattara a cikin expeditions na Academician Nikolai Vavilov, shi ne har yanzu babban kiwo kayan amfani da masana kimiyya na wasu kasashe a cikin m aiki a kan ci gaban sabon iri da musamman halaye. Ya kamata a lura cewa duk cibiyoyin asalin horar da siffofin geographically da kuma tarihi hade da farko mutum wayewar, aka tsunduma a cikin tsohon kwana noma da kuma dabbobi husbandry.

Practical aikace-aikace na zabin sakamakon

A karkashin kokarin da kasashen duniya kiwo kungiyoyi da cibiyoyin bincike yanzu nuna babban adadin sabon iri, breeds da kuma damuwa, kazalika da halitta kwayoyin, a baya ya rayu a duniya. Alal misali, ta hanyar hybridization matasan kabeji da kuma colza aka halitta, da ake kira da fyade. A halin yanzu, shi ne daya daga cikin manyan-melliferous shuke-shuke. Haka kuma an yi amfani da ko'ina a matsayin mai muhimmanci da makiyãyã.

Bari mu manta da cewa dalilin halittar sabon kiwo hanyoyin shi ne wucin gadi selection. Selection, wani misali na da sakamakon abin da Muka ba a baya, da gudummawar da ci gaban alamar masana'antu kamar gene da kuma cell aikin injiniya, da kuma fasahar binciken halittu. Fiye da dubu huɗu irin alkama, game da dubu takwas Tulip-dimbin yawa, 25,000 irin manyan abinci shuke-shuke: shinkafa da dankali da masara, sunflower - a hakikanin taimako ga ci gaban da selection na duniya samar da abinci.

Fasahar binciken halittu da kuma ta rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin kasa

Wannan reshe na kimiyya a matsayin dalilin da bincike kuma yana amfani da wucin gadi selection. Selection na microorganisms a baya aka gudanar da mutumin sume da aka yafi amfani a yin burodi, a cikin giya samar da fasaha da kuma cuku. A cikin karni na 20th, maganin rigakafi kira zamanin, fasahar binciken halittu kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a samu damuwa sosai samar penicillin da kuma Kalam. A halin yanzu, shi yayi girma wa'adin na cire damuwa na fungi, algae da protozoa, iya nazarin halittu tsarkakewa daga ruwa da kuma ƙasa.

A cikin wannan labarin da muka samu daga abin da irin dangantakar dake tsakanin wucin gadi selection da kuma kiwo, kazalika domin ayyana rawar da suka taka a yaki da karancin abinci a cikin al'ummar duniya.