Halitta polymer - aikace-aikace na da dabara da kuma

Mafi zamani yi kayan, magunguna, yadudduka, kayan gida, da kuma marufi consumable kayan su polymers. Shin wani rukuni na mahadi da ciwon halayyar fasali. A yawa daga gare su, amma duk da wannan, yawan polymers ci gaba da girma. Bayan duk roba chemists gano a kowace shekara fiye da kuma mafi sabon abubuwa. A wannan yanayin, musamman muhimmanci a kowane lokaci shi yana da wata halitta polymer. Mene ne waɗannan ban mamaki kwayoyin? Menene su halaye da kuma abin da su ne siffofin? A amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi a cikin labarin.

Polymers: general halaye

Daga mahangar sunadarai, da polymer aka dauke su a kwayoyin ciwon manyan kwayoyin nauyi daga 'yan dubu ga miliyoyin raka'a. Duk da haka, ban da wannan alama, akwai har yanzu wasu a cikin abin da abu za a iya daidai classified a matsayin halitta da kuma roba polymers. Su ne:

• kullum maimaita monomer raka'a, wanda suna da alaka ta hanyar daban-daban interactions.
• digiri polymerase (Ina nufin, yawan monomers) dole ne sosai high, in ba haka ba da fili za a yi la'akari da wani oligomer.
• tabbatas da na sarari fuskantarwa da macromolecule.
• wani sa na muhimmanci jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na musamman ga kungiyar.

A general, dũkiyar polymeric yanayi rarrabe daga sauran quite sauƙi. Daya yana da kawai ya dubi dabara don gane shi. A misali ne sananne polyethylene, ana amfani da ko'ina a iyali da kuma masana'antu. Yana da wani samfurin na da Polymerization dauki, wadda ta shiga unsaturated hydrocarbon ne ethene ko ethylene. A dauki aka kullum rubuta kamar haka:

nCH ₂ = CH ₂ → (-CH-CH-) _n, inda n - shi ne mataki na Polymerization na kwayoyin nuna yadda monomer raka'a kunshe a abun da ke ciki.

Har ila yau, a matsayin misali, wata halitta polymer wanda sananne ne, wannan sitaci. Haka kuma, a cikin wannan rukuni na mahadi ne amylopectin, cellulose, kaza da furotin da kuma wasu abubuwa.

Reaction, wanda ke haifar a cikin macromolecule za a iya kafa, suna daga iri biyu:

• Polymerization.
• polycondensation.

A bambanci shi ne, a karo na biyu idan, da dauki kayayyakin ne low kwayoyin nauyi. A tsarin da polymer iya bambanta, dangane da kwayoyin halitta da cewa dokoki da shi. Sau da yawa akwai mikakke siffofin, amma akwai wani mai hawa uku raga, sosai hadaddun.

Idan muka yi magana game da sojojin da interactions da cewa rike da monomer raka'a tare, yana yiwuwa a gano 'yan asali:

• Van der Waals sojojin.
• sinadaran bonding (covalent, ionic).
• elektronostaticheskoe hulda.

All polymers ba za a iya hade cikin daya category domin suna da wani mabanbanta yanayi, Hanyar samuwar kuma yi jũna ayyuka. Dũkiyõyinsu ne ma daban-daban. Saboda haka, akwai wani rarrabuwa cewa ba ka damar raba duk mambobi na wannan kungiya da abubuwa a cikin daban-daban Categories. Ya dogara ne iya karya da dama da ãyõyinMu.

rarrabuwa na polymers

Idan muka dauki tushen da ingantaccen abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin, duk daga cikin abubuwa da za a iya ƙaddara a uku kungiyoyin.

1. A organics - wadanda wadda dauke da carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen. Wato, waɗanda abubuwa waxanda suke biogenic. Misalai ne nauyi polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, propylene, rayon, nailan, halitta polymer - gina jiki, nucleic acid da sauransu.
2. Elementorganic - wannan wani abun da ke ciki wanda ya hada da wasu extraneous inorganic da biogenic kashi. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne silicon, aluminum ko titanium. Misalai na irin wannan macromolecules: kwayoyin gilashi, steklopolimery, kumshin kayan.
3. Inorganic - ƙarya a tushen sarkar silicon atoms maimakon carbon. A radicals iya zama wani ɓangare na kaikaice rassan. Sun bude kamar yadda kwanan nan a matsayin tsakiyar XX karni. Amfani da magani, yi, aikin injiniya da kuma sauran masana'antu. Misalan silicone, cinnabar.

Idan ka raba polymers a asalin, yana yiwuwa a gano uku na kungiyar.

1. Halitta polymers wanda amfani ne yadu da za'ayi tare da haihuwa. Wadannan su ne macromolecules ga halittar da mutum ba ya yin wani kokarin. Su ne kayayyakin da yanayin da halayen. Misalai: siliki, ulu, furotin, nucleic acid, sitaci, cellulose, fata, auduga da sauransu.
2. Wucin gadi. Wadannan su ne macromolecules cewa an halicci mutum, amma a kan tushen da na halitta analogues. Wannan ne kawai inganta da kuma canja da kaddarorin wani data kasance halitta polymer. Misalai: roba roba, roba.
3. Roba - wadannan polymers, halittar abin da kawai da mutum ya shiga tsakani. Halitta analogues ga su a can. Masana kimiyya ci gaba da hanyoyin da rairaya sabon kayan da suke daban-daban don inganta yi. Kamar haka ake haife roba polymeric mahadi daga dukan nau'i. Misalai: polyethylene, propylene, rayon, acetate fiber da kuma kama.

Akwai wani alama, wanda shi ne tushen rabuwa da abubuwa a cikin ƙungiyar. Wannan reactivity da thermal juriya. Ware biyu Categories ga wannan siga:

• thermoplastic.
• thermosets.

A mafi tsoho, muhimmanci da kuma musamman m ne har yanzu a halitta polymer. Da kaddarorin ne na musamman. Saboda haka, muna gaba kalle shi ne wannan category na macromolecules.

Wanne abu ne na halitta polymer?

Don amsa wannan tambaya, da farko za mu duba kewaye da ku. Da na kewaye da mu? Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kewaye da mu suke ci, numfashi, sake fitarwa, Bloom da kuma samar da 'ya'yan itace da tsaba. Kuma su ne daga kwayoyin halitta ra'ayi? Yana tana gina, kamar:

• sunadaran.
• nucleic acid.
• polysaccharides.

Saboda haka, da na halitta polymer ne, kowane na sama mahadi. Saboda haka, ta bayyana cewa rayuwar kewaye da mu, akwai kawai godiya ga gaban wadannan sunadaran kwayoyin. Tun zamanin da, mutane amfani lãka, Mixes da kuma mafita ga} arfafa da kuma gina gidajensu, saka yarn, ulu, amfani domin samar da auduga tufafi, siliki, ulu da kuma fata na dabbobi. Halitta kwayoyin polymers tare mutumin a duk matakai na da samuwar da kuma ci gaba, kuma a cikin da yawa hanyoyi taimake shi ya kai ga sakamakon cewa muna da yau.

The sosai a yanayi na bada duk da rayuwar mutane da aka dadi kamar yadda zai yiwu. A tsawon lokaci, da roba aka gano, shi tãtacce ta ƙwarai Properties. Man da ya koya don amfani abinci zuwa sitaci, a cikin fasaha - cellulose. Halitta polymer kuma shi ne yã kãsance kãfur ne, wanda kuma aka sani tun lokacin da. Resins, sunadarai, nucleic acid - ne duk misalai na mahadi karkashin shawara.

A tsarin da halitta polymers

Ba duk 'yan wannan aji na mahadi da wannan tsarin. Saboda haka, na halitta da kuma roba polymers iya bambanta da yawa. Su kwayoyin suna daidaitacce haka da cewa mafi riba da kuma dace ta wanzu a cikin sharuddan da makamashi. Duk da haka, da yawa na halitta jinsin su ne iya kumbura, kuma su tsarin a cikin tsari na canza. Akwai da dama ya fi na kowa bambance-bambancen karatu da sarkar tsarin:

• Ƙirgar.
• branched.
• stellate.
• lebur.
• raga.
• tef.
• tsefe.

Wucin gadi da kuma roba macromolecules wakilan da manya-manyan taro, wata babbar lamba na kwayoyin halitta. Aka halitta su da musamman so Properties. Saboda haka, tsarin da asali shirya wa mutum. Halitta polymers ne ma sau da yawa ko dai mikakke ko raga a kan tsarin.

Misalai na halitta macromolecules

Halitta da kuma roba polymers ne sosai kusa da juna. Bayan na farko ya zama dalilin wani biyu. Misalai na irin canje masu yawa. Ga wasu daga cikinsu.

1. Al'ada roba Milky fari - wannan shi ne wani samfurin samu ta hanyar lura da cellulose tare da nitric acid tare da Bugu da kari na halitta yã kãsance kãfur ne. A Polymerization dauki results a hardening na polymer samu da kuma hira da ake so samfur. A plasticizer - yã kãsance kãfur ne, yin shi iya softening lokacin tsanani da kuma canza su da siffar.
2. Acetate siliki, cuprammonium fiber, viscose - ne duk misalai na yarns, zaruruwa, wanda ake samu a kan tushen da cellulose. Yadudduka sanya daga halitta auduga da lilin ne ba kamar yadda karfi, ba m, sauki crease. Amma wucin gadi analogues na wadannan ƙarara hana, abin da ya sa su yi amfani da shi ne mai tsananin kyau.
3. Wucin gadi na dutse, da kayan gini, garwayayye, fata - shi ne ma misalai na polymers samu daga halitta kayan.

A abu wanda yake da wata halitta polymer, kuma za a iya amfani a gaskiya siffan. Irin wannan misalai suna da yawa:

• rosin.
• amber.
• sitaci.
• amylopectin.
• cellulose.
• Jawo.
• ulu.
• auduga.
• siliki.
• ciminti.
• lãka.
• lemun tsami.
• sunadaran.
• nucleic acid da sauransu.

A fili yake cewa kafin mu wani aji na mahadi ne manya-manyan, kusan muhimmanci da kuma ma'ana ga mutane. Yanzu bari mu duba a cikin mafi daki-daki, wasu wakilan halitta polymers, waxanda suke da Popular a wannan lokacin.

Silk da ulu

Da dabara na halitta siliki polymer hadaddun, saboda ta sinadaran abun da ke ciki da aka bayyana, ta hanyar da wadannan aka gyara:

• fibroin.
• sericin.
• waxes.
• fats.

Kansa manyan gina jiki - fibroin, yana mai mambobi na karin amino acid jinsunan. Idan ba shi da polypeptide sarkar, shi zai yi kama da wannan: (-NH-CH ₂ -CO-NH-CH (CH ₃₎ -CO-NH-CH ₂ -CO-) _n. Kuma wannan shi ne kawai ɓangare na shi. Idan muka kwatanta da cewa ga tsarin ta hanyar van der Waals shiga ba kasa hadaddun sericin sunadari, suna gauraye da juna a cikin guda conformation da kakin zuma da kuma fats, shi ne m dalilin da ya sa yana da wuya a bayana labarun dabara halitta siliki.

Don kwanan wata, da yawa na wannan samfurin SUPPLiES China, domin ta bude sarari, akwai wata halitta mazauninsu ga babban m - silkworm. A baya can, tun zamanin da, na halitta siliki ne sosai yaba. Iya tufafi daga shi iya kawai daraja, arziki mutane. Yau, da yawa daga cikin halaye na nama ne matalauci. Alal misali, ya karfi magnetized da crumpled, a Bugu da kari, daukan hotuna zuwa da rana hasarar da luster da tarnish. Saboda haka, ya fi tsayi a yi amfani da roba Kalam daga gare ta.

Ulu - shi ne ma wata halitta polymer a matsayin samfur na da harshen damo na fata da kuma sebaceous gland dabbobi. Bisa ga wannan sunadari samfurin kerarre knitwear, wanda, kamar siliki, shi ne mai muhimmanci da kayan.

sitaci

Halitta sitaci ne samfurin polymer shuka rayuwa. Su fito da shi a sakamakon aiwatar da photosynthesis da tara a sassa daban daban na jiki. Its sinadaran abun da ke ciki:

• amylopectin.
• amylose.
• alpha-glucose.

A sarari tsarin sitaci ne sosai branched, tarwatsewa. Saboda hada amylopectin, shi ne iya busa a cikin ruwa, zama wani da ake kira manna. Wannan colloidal bayani da ake amfani a cikin art da kuma masana'antu. Medicine, masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, da samar da fuskar bangon waya adhesives - shi ne ma da yin amfani da abu.

Daga cikin shuke-shuke dauke da matsakaicin adadin sitaci za a iya gano:

• masara.
• dankali.
• shinkafa.
• alkama.
• rogo.
• hatsi.
• buckwheat.
• ayaba.
• dawa.

Bisa ga wannan biopolymer gasa burodi, yin taliya, dafa jelly, hatsi da kuma sauran kayayyakin abinci.

cellulose

Daga mahangar sunadarai, da abu - shi ne mai polymer wanda abun da ke ciki da aka bayyana, ta hanyar da dabara (C ₆ H ₅ Ya _{5) n.} Monomer naúrar sarkar ne a beta-glucose. Main wuri na cellulose ciki - ne cell ganuwar da shuke-shuke. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa itace - mai muhimmanci da tushen wannan fili.

Cellulose - wata halitta polymer cewa yana da wani mikakke sarari tsarin. Ana amfani domin samar da wadannan iri kayayyakin:

• ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma takarda kayayyakin.
• wucin gadi Jawo.
• daban-daban na mutum da aka yi zaruruwa.
• auduga.
• robobi.
• smokeless foda.
• fina-finan da sauransu.

Babu shakka cewa ta masana'antu darajar da yake da girma. Don wannan fili za a iya amfani a samar, shi ya zama za a fara cire daga shuke-shuke. Wannan ne yake aikata ta ci gaba da dafa abinci na itace, a musamman na'urorin. Kara aiki, kazalika da reagents amfani ga narkewa ne daban-daban. Akwai hanyoyi da dama:

• sulfite.
• nitrate.
• da soda.
• sulfate.

Bayan da irin wannan magani, da samfurin har yanzu ya ƙunshi impurities. A zuciya na wannan lignin da hemicellulose. Don rabu da su, da kuma ɓangaren litattafan almara da aka bi da tare da chlorine ko Alkali.

A cikin mutane, babu irin wannan nazarin halittu catalysts cewa sun gudanar ya karya saukar da wannan hadaddun biopolymer. Duk da haka, wasu dabbobi (herbivores), saba da wannan. Su ciki shirya wasu kwayoyin da cewa sanya shi, gare su. Maimakon kwayoyin samu kuzarin rayuwa da mazauninsu. Wannan nau'i na symbiosis ne musamman da amfani ga duka jam'iyyun.

roba

Wannan halitta polymer da ciwon m darajar tattalin arziki. Domin da farko lokacin da aka bayyana da Robert Cook, wanda a daya daga cikin tafiyarka same shi. Haka ya faru kamar wannan. Bayan saukowa a tsibirin inda da mazauni zauna ba a sani ba zuwa gare shi, ya aka warmly gaishe da su. Da hankali da aka janyo hankalin da gida da yara, wanda ya taka leda wani sabon abu batu. Wannan siffar zobe jiki ne mayar daga bene, kuma tsalle sama high a cikin iska, sa'an nan ya koma.

Ka tambayi gida mutane game da abin da aka yi daga wannan wasa, Cook koya cewa wannan solidifies da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga wata itãciya - Hevea. Da yawa daga baya, an gano cewa, wannan shi ne wani biopolymer roba.

A sunadarai yanayin da fili da aka sani - shi ne isoprene, halitta halartar Polymerization. Formula roba (C ₅ H _{8) n.} Da kaddarorin, saboda wanda ya ke haka koyaswar, kamar haka:

• elasticity.
• karko.
• lantarki rufi;
• watertight.

Duk da haka, akwai drawbacks. A sanyi yanayi shi ya zama m da kuma gaggautsa, kuma zafi - m da kuma danko sosai. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa akwai bukatar kira na analogues na wucin gadi ko roba tushe. Yau rubbers suna yadu amfani da aikin injiniya da kuma masana'antu aikace-aikace. A mafi muhimmanci kayayyakin bisa su:

• roba.
• katakon kanya.

amber

Yana da polymer na halitta, domin a cikin tsarin shi wakiltar resin, siffar burbushinsa. Tsarin sararin samaniya shine tsarin amorphous polymer. Very combustible, za ka iya haskaka shi da harshen wuta na wasan. Abubuwan da suka mallaki luminescence. Wannan abu ne mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci, wanda aka yi amfani dashi a kasuwancin kayan ado. Abun kayan ado bisa amber yana da kyau da kuma bukatar.

Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da wannan mai amfani da kwayar halitta don dalilai na kiwon lafiya. Har ila yau, yana samar da takalman sandpaper, gashin gashi na sassa daban-daban.