Wanda ya gano dokoki na planetary motsi?

"Kepler ta dokokin" - wannan magana shi ne saba wa duk wanda ya ke da sha'awar ilmin taurari. Wane ne wannan mutum? Connection da kuma karin dogaro da juna na yarda da zahirin gaskiya wanda ya bayyana? Falakin, lissafi, theologian, Falsafa, mutum mai hikima da ya lokaci Iogann Kepler (1571-1630) ya gano dokoki na motsi na taurari da rana da tsarin.

farko na hanya

Iogann Kepler, a 'yan qasar na Weil der Stadt (Jamus), ya zo cikin duniya a watan Disamba 1571. Rauni, tare da matalauta gani yaro rinjãya a duk abin da ya lashe a cikin wannan rayuwa. Nazarin da yaron ya fara a Leonberg, inda iyali koma. Daga baya ya koma zuwa ga ci-gaba ma'aikata - Latin makaranta don koyon kayan yau da kullum na harshe, wanda aka yi nufi da za a yi amfani da nan gaba wallafe.

A 1589 ya sauke karatu daga makaranta a Maulbronn sufi a garin Adelburg. A 1591 ya shiga Jami'ar Tübingen. An tasiri ilimi tsarin da aka halitta a cikin farkawa daga cikin gabatarwar da shugabannai Lutheranism. Da taimakon tallafin da sukolashif ga matalauta gwamnatin kokarin samar da jami'a suka shiga, wanda shi yiwuwa a tãyar da mai da ilimi da limaman, iya kare sabon addini a sau da sautin fushi addini shawara.

A lokacin ziyararsa a makaranta Kepler an rinjayi ilmin taurari farfesa Michael Mostlina. Last asirce shared da ra'ayoyi na samman da ra'ayoyin game da heliocentric (Sun a tsakiya) na sararin duniya, ko horar da dalibai "Talomi" (Earth a tsakiya). Na sosai sanin ra'ayoyi da Polish da masanin kimiyyar taso Kepler ta da babban amfani a cikin ilmin taurari. Saboda haka da Copernican ka'idar yana da wani proponent, wanda ya so da kaina don gane dokokin da motsi na taurari a kusa da rana.

Solar System - wani aikin na art

Oddly isa, wanda daga baya ya gano dokoki na planetary motsi, kada la'akari da kansu ga ilmin Taurari da sadaukarwa. A tsawon rayuwar Kepler yi imani da cewa da hasken rana tsarin - wani aiki na fasaha, cunkus sufi mamaki, mafarkin na zama firist. Sha'awarsa a Copernican falakin bayyana cewa kafin jawo karshe daga kansa bincike, yana koya daban-daban, ra'ayin.

Duk da haka, da jami'a malamai ya ce game da Kepler, a matsayin dalibi, yana da wani kyakkyawan hankali. A 1591, babban digiri, da masanin kimiyyar ya ci gaba da karatu a tauhidin. Sa'ad da suke kusa da ƙarshe, da ya zama sananne cewa a cikin Lutheran makaranta a Graz mutu farfesa lissafi. University of Tübingen da shawarar a yi a kan matsayin da talented digiri a madaidaci. Saboda haka, bankwana dokokin planetary motsi?

A cikin sunan Allah

22-shekara Johann tare da ɓacin rai manta da ainihin sadaukarwa ya zama babban firist, amma har yanzu ci gaba da aikinsu na malamin lissafi a Graz. Lokacin wata lacca a aji novice malamin ya bayyana a kan allo wasu lissafi siffofi da concentric da'irori kuma triangles. Kuma a sa'an nan shi lit zaton cewa wadannan Figures wakiltar wani ajali rabo tsakanin masu girma dabam na biyu da'ira, tare da proviso cewa alwatika ne equilateral. Kuma abin da ke cikin rabo na da girman da square tsakanin al'umomi guda biyu? A tunani tsari ne samun lokacinta.

A shekara daga baya, wani sabon abu mai ilimin tauhidi da wallafa farko da aikin, "The Secret of Universe" (1596). A da shi, ya kayyade ra'ayi a kan m asiran da suke duniya, tare da goyon bayan wani addini.

Daya wanda ya gano dokoki na planetary motsi, sanya a cikin sunan Allah. M ilmin lissafin ji na sararin duniya, da bincike zo ga ƙarshe: shida taurari suna kewaye a cikin yankunan cewa shige tsakanin biyar na yau da kullum polyhedra. Hakika, da version dangane da "gaskiya" da cewa akwai kawai 6 na sama jikinsu. Kepler madawwama biyu a kusa da Earth kayyade manufa dodecahedron da ikon yinsa, game da sararin samaniya daga Mars.

m polyhedra

Around fannin Mars masanin kimiyya wanda aka nuna tetrahedron da Sphere, contiguous kewayewa Jupiter. A icosahedron a cikin Sphere na duniya ta orbital cikakke "shige" da fanni na Venus. Tare da yin amfani da sauran jinsunan m polyhedra na wannan an yi shi da sauran. Abin mamaki shine, da rabo daga cikin makwabta planetary falakinsu bayar a cikin nesting yankunan Kepler ta samfurin ya zo daidai da lissafin samman.

Bude da dokokin planetary motsi, da ilmin lissafi hankali, firist dogara da farko a kan wahayi. Ya da wani real dalilin shawara. Tamanin da rubutun "Asirin halittu" shi ne cewa shi ne na farko da hukunci mataki wajen amincewa da heliocentric tsarin na duniya, kafa fita samman.

Zaton da high ainihin

A cikin watan Satumba 1598 da Furotesta a Graz, ciki har da Kepler, aka fitar daga birnin ta Katolika shugabanni. Ko da yake Johann yarda su koma, halin da ake ciki ya zauna sosai siga. A neman goyon baya, sai ya juya zuwa Tiho Brage - lissafi da falakin a kotu na Sarkin sarakuna Rudolf II. The masanin kimiyyar da aka sani na da ban sha'awa tarin planetary lura.

Ya san game da aikinsa "The Secret halittu." Amma a lokacin da a 1600 ta mahalicci zo zuwa ga Observatory zare jiki located waje cikin birnin Prague, Brahe, tsunduma a high-daidaici (a lokacin) da karatu, ta gaishe shi kamar yadda marubucin da wani aiki, amma ba kamar yadda ya abokin aiki. The adawa tsakanin su dade har zuwa mutuwa na Danish astrologer, wanda ya faru a shekara daga baya. Bayan da ya bar abokan hamayyarsu a cikin wani duniya Kepler danƙa tsare baitulmalin lura. Suka kuwa taimaki mai bincike ya zama daya wanda ya gano dokoki na planetary motsi a kusa da rana.

Hanyar Mars

Recent nazarin Braga ta Portugal don ƙirƙirar allunan planetary motsi ba a kammala. All fatan an liƙe a kan wani magaji. Ya aka nada na sarki lissafi. Duk da tataccen dangantaka da marigayin abokin aiki, Kepler ya free to bi nasu bukatun cikin ilmin taurari. Ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da lura da Mars, kuma bayyana nasu hangen nesa daga cikin sarari guda na wannan duniyar tamu.

Johann tabbata cewa ta bude wani hadadden Martian hanya iya bayyana hanyar motsi na duk sauran "bidar talikai." Sabanin ga sanannen imani, shi ne ba kawai amfani da Brahe ta lura, to zaɓi wani lissafi da siffar cewa ya yi daidai da bayanin. Jiya theologian su mayar da hankali kokarin a kan samu na jiki ka'idar da motsi "yan'uwa da suke zaune a wani wuri," daga abin da muka iya samu falakinsu. Bayan wani Titanic bincike aikin kasance cikin uku dokokin planetary motsi.

A farko dokar

I. planetary falakinsu ne ellipses da rãnã a daya daga cikin foci.

A dokar planetary motsi a cikin hasken rana tsarin gano cewa, da taurari motsa a ellipses. Ya bayyana, bayan shekaru takwas na lissafin ta amfani da database harhada by Tiho Brage a kan tushen da lura da planetary motsi Mars Stars. Aikinsa Johann kira da "New ilmin taurari".

Saboda haka, bisa ga na farko dokar Kepler, wani ellipse yana da biyu geometrical maki kira foci (mayar da hankali a mufuradi). A total nesa daga duniya to kowane daga cikin cibiyoyin da stacks ne ko da yaushe guda, ko da kuwa inda duniya ne a kan hanyar su motsi. Da muhimmancin da samu shi ne cewa zato cewa falakinsu ba kamiltattu ba ne da'irori (as a geocentric ka'idar) kawo mutane zuwa mafi m da kuma fahimtar hoto na duniya.

Na biyu dokar

II. The line haɗa da duniya ga Sun (matsayi vector) na daidaita yanki ya ci nasara a yau da kullum jinkiri, yayin da lokacin da duniya motsa a kusa da ellipse.

Wannan shi ne, a wani lokaci, misali, bayan kwanaki 30, da duniyar da nasara da wannan yankin, ko da abin da lokacin da ka zabi. Yana motsa da sauri a lokacin da kusa da rãnã da hankali a lokacin da ka cire, amma ya zo tare da taba-canza gudun lokacin da motsi a kusa da falaki. A mafi "nimble" motsi lura a perihelion (mafi kusa nufi ga Sun) da kuma mafi "ikon-dokar" -in aphelion (manisantan daga rana nufi). Saboda haka muhawwara da daya wanda ya gano dokoki na planetary motsi.

The uku dokar

III. A square daga cikin jimlar tsawon orbital juyin juya halin (T) ne na gwargwado ga shigen sukari na talakawan nesa daga duniya zuwa Sun (R).

Wannan ka'ida wani lokacin ake kira da dokar na jituwa. Ya kwantanta da orbital lokacin da radius daga planetary falakinsu. Kepler ta samu na ainihi ta'allaka da wadannan: da rabo daga cikin murabba'ai kuma cubes motsi lokaci da talakawan nesa daga rana ne guda domin kowane duniya.

Sake, da dokoki na motsi na Kepler taurari aka dogara ne a kan m lura na tsanani da shifran riyadiyah a sarrafa. Nuna alamu, suka ba su gano motsa jiki events. Daga baya, sanannen discoverer na duniya gravitation dokar , Newton ya tabbatar da cewa otgadka sa a cikin jiki Properties gawarwaki jawo hankalin juna.

A inuwa daga jikina a nan

Duk da nasara, Kepler kullum sha wahala daga kudi matsaloli, rashin lokaci domin nazarin tafiya a search na wurare don jure ta addini. Sau da yawa da ya yi kokarin samun wani koyarwa matsayi a Tübingen, amma aka gani a matsayin maci amana, a Protestant, da kuma aka ƙi.

Iogann Kepler ya mutu a kan Nuwamba 15, 1630 daga wani hari da m zazzabi. Aka binne shi a cikin Protestant hurumi. A epitaph ya istinbadi dan rubuta: "Na yi amfani da su domin auna sammai. Yanzu ina da su domin auna Duniya ta inuwa. Duk da cewa raina yake a cikin sama, da inuwa daga jikina ya ta'allaka a nan. "

Eh, da farko a cikin ruhun na da Concepts, masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa taurari motsa domin suna da wani rai, mai rai da sihirinka, ba kawai wani ɓaɓɓake daga al'amarin. Daga baya ya gane cewa kimiyya m ne mafi wajaba a kansa. To, firist da falakin, ya gano da dokokin planetary motsi, gaskiya ya tafi m. Amma shigar da su a kanka, wani lokacin ga alama cewa ta hanyar kimiyya sararin samaniya don haka da yawa asiri!