Halittar kuma da gwaji na farko atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet

Tarayyar Soviet ta tun 1918 gudanar da bincike kan makamashin nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi da cewa shirya da gwaji na farko atomic bam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A Birnin Leningrad, da Radium Institute a 1937, aka kaddamar da wani cyclotron, na farko a Turai. "A cikin me shekara shi ne na farko gwajin na atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet?" - Ka tambayi. Amsar za ka san jimawa.

A shekara ta 1938, Nuwamba 25, da shawarar da Academy of Sciences da aka kafa hukumar a kan atomic tsakiya. A abun da ke ciki hada Sergei Vavilov, Abram Alikhanov Abram Joffe, Igor Kurchatov da sauransu. Sun hade bayan shekaru biyu Yesse Gurevich da damban ne Vitaly Khlopin. Nukiliya bincike za'ayi da cewa lokaci riga fiye da 10 da cibiyoyin bincike. Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet Academy of Sciences a cikin wannan shekara, ya shirya da nauyi ruwa hukumar, wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a matsayin hukumar a kan Isotopes. Bayan karanta wannan labarin, za ka koyi yadda za a gudanar da karin horo da kuma gwaji na farko atomic bam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

Gina wani cyclotron a Birnin Leningrad, gano sabon uranium tama

A 1939, a watan Satumba, shi ya fara gina wani cyclotron a Birnin Leningrad. A 1940, a watan Afrilu, an yanke shawarar kirkiro wani matukin jirgi shuka, wanda zai nuna a shekara 15 kg nauyi ruwa. Duk da haka, saboda da fashewa a lokacin da yaki, wadannan tsare-tsaren da aka ba a aiwatar. A watan Mayu na wannan shekara, Yu Khariton, Ya Zel'dovich, N. Semenov miƙa ka'idar a cikin ci gaban da uranium da makaman nukiliya sarkar dauki. A lokaci guda, ya fara aiki a kan samu na sabon uranium ores. Waɗannan su ne na farko da matakai don samar da dama bayan shekaru, da halittar kuma da gwaji na atomic bam da Tarayyar Soviet.

Gabatar na kimiyyar lissafi na gaba atomic bam

Mutane da yawa lissafin kimiyya daga marigayi 30 ta zuwa farkon 40 ta riga yana da wani m ra'ayin yadda shi zai duba. A ra'ayin da aka mayar da hankali da sauri isa a wuri guda wani adadin (a m taro) na fissile abu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar neutrons. Ya kamata a fara bayan wani ambaliyar ruwa karuwa a yawan sunadaran ya ƙãrẽwa. Wancan ne, shi zai zama sarkar dauki, kamar yadda sakamakon wanda aka kasaftawa wata babbar goyon baya na makamashi da kuma wata babbar fashewar ya auku.

The matsaloli ci karo a cikin halittar atomic bam

A farko matsalar da aka samu da fissile abu a isa girma. A yanayi, kawai wannan irin abu da za a iya samu - ne uranium isotope da taro lambar 235 (ie, jimlar yawan neutrons da protons a tsakiya), ko - uranium-235. Abinda ke ciki na wannan isotope a cikin halitta uranium - ba fiye da 0,71% (uranium-238 - 99,2%). Bugu da ƙari, da abun ciki na halitta tama abu ne a mafi 1%. Saboda haka, quite wani kalubale da aka zabin da U-235.

Kamar yadda shi nan da nan ya bayyana a madadin zuwa uranium ne plutonium-239. Shi kusan ba ya faruwa a yanayi (da shi ne kasa da 100 sau fiye da na uranium-235). The m taro yana yiwuwa a samu a makaman nukiliya reactor lokacin irradiated uranium-238 tare da neutrons. A yi na reactor ga wannan dalili ne ma na babba wahala.

The uku matsala shi ne cewa tara da ake bukata adadin fissile abu a wuri guda ya ba da sauki. A kan aiwatar da rapprochement subcritical raka'a, ko da sosai da sauri a cikin su fara yayyo fission dauki. A makamashi sake a cikin wannan hali, zai iya ba da damar da manyan jiki na sunadaran da hannu a cikin fission tsari. Ba da ciwon lokaci zuwa amsa, su rarrabu da.

Da sabuwar dabara Maslov da V. V. Shpinel

Maslov da V. Spinel daga Kharkov Physical-Technical Institute a 1940 yi aikace-aikace don sabuwar dabara na harsasai, dangane da yin amfani da sarkar dauki cewa yana farawa kwatsam fission na uranium-235, ta supercritical taro, wanda aka halitta daga dama subcritical rabu fashewar impermeable domin neutrons da kuma halaka su da wata fasa. Manyan shakka sa operability kama cajin, amma duk da haka shaidar da ba firtsi har yanzu samu. Duk da haka, wannan ya faru ne kawai a cikin shekarar 1946.

Gun American makirci

Domin na farko da bama-bamai da Amurkawa shawarar yin amfani da wata igwa makirci a cikin abin da amfani da real gun ganga. Tare da shi, wani sashi daga cikin fissile abu (subcritical) harbe da sauran. Amma nan da nan gano cewa irin wannan makirci ba dace a plutonium saboda gaskiyar cewa kudi na haduwa ne rashin cancantar kansu.

Gina wani cyclotron a Moscow

A 1941, Afrilu 15, SNK yanke shawarar fara gina wani iko cyclotron a Moscow. Duk da haka, bayan da Great Patriotic War, mun aka tsaya kusan duk aikin a fagen nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi, tsara don kawo 1 atomic bam gwajin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A gaban ta da yawa nukiliya lissafin kimiyya. Wasu da aka miƙa ka zuwa mafi latsa, kamar yadda ya zama kamar ma, wani Sphere.

Tarin bayanai a kan batun nukiliya

Tattara bayanai a kan batun nukiliya tun 1939 tsunduma a cikin 1st Department na NKVD da Red Army GRU. A 1940, a watan Oktoba, ta J. Cairncross samu da sakon farko, wanda ya yi magana da tsare-tsaren da ya kafa nukiliya bam. Wannan batun da aka jawabi a Burtaniya kwamitin Science, a cikin abin da ya yi aiki Cairncross. A 1941, a lokacin rani, da aikin da aka amince da bam, wanda aka kira "Tube elloyz". Ingila a lokacin da yaki ya daya daga cikin shugabannin duniya a nukiliya ci gaba. Wannan halin da ake ciki ne sun fi mayar saboda da taimako na Jamusawa masana kimiyya suka gudu zuwa wannan kasa tare da zuwan Hitler da wuta.

Fuchs, memba na KPD, yanã daga gare su. Ya kuma tafi a cikin kaka na 1941 a Soviet ofishin jakadancin, wanda ya bayyana cewa, yana da muhimmanci bayanai game da makami ne mai iko ya halitta a Ingila. S. Cramer kuma R. Kuchinsky (rediyo sadarwarka Sonia) da aka kasaftawa don sadarwa tare da shi. A farko radio saƙonni aika zuwa Moscow bayar bayani a kan musamman Hanyar uranium isotope rabuwa, gas yadawa, kazalika da ake gina wannan manufa shuka a Wales. Bayan shida giya rasa ya dangane da Fuchs.

A gwajin da atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet, da ranar da aka yanzu yadu da aka sani, shirya da kuma sauran scouts. Saboda haka, a Soviet leken asiri a Amurka Semenov (Twain) ya ruwaito a cikin marigayi 1943 cewa Enrico Fermi a Chicago ya iya gudanar da wani na farko sarkar dauki. A tushen bayanan da aka likita Pontecorvo. Bisa ga ministan harkokin waje na Leken Asiri layi a lokaci guda shi ya zo daga Ingila rufe ayyukan masana kimiyya na kasashen yamma game da makamashin nukiliya, dating baya zuwa 1940-1942 da shekaru. The bayanai kunshe ne a cikin su, ya tabbatar da cewa an samu ci gaba sanya a cikin halittar atomic bam.

Konenkov matar (hoton da ke ƙasa), sanannen sculptor, aiki tare da wasu su gano. Ta koma kusa da Einstein da Oppenheimer, fice masana kimiyya, da kuma bayar da wani dogon lokaci tasiri a kan su. L. Zarubin, wani mazaunin na Amurka, shi ne wani ɓangare na wani da'irar mutane Oppenheimer, kuma L. Szilard. Da taimakon wadannan mata, da Tarayyar Soviet ya iya aiwatar da jamiái a Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, kazalika da Chicago Lab - mafi girma nukiliya cibiyoyin bincike a Amurka. Domin bayanai a kan atomic bam a Amurka ta zartar da Soviet m, a 1944 Rosenbergs, D. Greenglass, Pontecorvo, C. Sake T. Hall, Fuchs.

A shekarar 1944, a farkon watan Fabrairu, da Beriya, da jama'ar kasar Commissar na NKVD, ya jagoranci wani taro na hankali da shugabanninsu. Aka yanke shawarar tsara tarin bayanai a kan makaman nukiliya da matsaloli, wanda zo ta hanyar da Red Army GRU da NKVD. "C" Division aka halitta wannan. A shekarar 1945, 27 Satumba, an shirya. P. Sudoplatov Kwamishinan GB, gangarawa wannan sashen.

Fuchs mika a Janairu 1945 bayanin irin atomic bam zane. Intelligence Inter Alia da aka shirya a matsayin kayan for rabuwar uranium isotopes da electromagnetic wajen, da bayanai a kan ta farko reactors, umarnin don samar da plutonium da uranium da bama-bamai, da bayanai a kan girman da wani m taro na plutonium da kuma uranium a zane m ruwan tabarau na plutonium-240, bi da bi da kuma lokacin da ake gudanar da taron da kuma yi na bama-bamai. Bayani kuma ya shafi wani Hanyar kawo wani bam Mafarin sakamako, yi na musamman shuke-rabuwar isotopes. kuma diary shigarwar da aka samu, wanda dauke da bayani game da farko gwajin fashewar bom, da a Amurka a watan Yuli na shekarar 1945.

Mai shigowa bayanai a kan wadannan tashoshi su hanzarta kuma tallafa a aikin kafa kafin Soviet masana kimiyya. Yammacin masana yi imani da cewa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da bam iya kawai za a ci gaba a cikin shekaru 1954-1955. Amma sai suka kasance ba daidai ba. A farko gwajin na atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet ya faru a shekarar 1949, a watan Agusta.

New matakai na halittar atomic bam

A shekarar 1942, a watan Afrilu, M. Pervukhin, jama'ar kasar Commissar na sinadaran masana'antu, da aka yi bayani a kan Stalin ta umarni da kayan da suka shafi cikin aikin a kan atomic bam, da za'ayi a kasashen waje. Don tantance kayyade a cikin rahoton Pervukhin bayanai tayin kirkiro da wani taro na masana. Yana hada, a kan shawarwarin na Joffe, matasa da masana kimiyya Kikoin, Kurchatov da Alikhanov.

A shekarar 1942, a kan Nuwamba 27 ya zartas da dokar "A uranium hakar ma'adinai" T-takardar kudi. Yana bayar domin kafa musamman ma'aikata, kazalika da farkon na aiki a kan aiki da kuma hakar na raw kayan, ma'aunan kasa prospecting. Duk wannan ya kamata su aiwatar da umurni maza maza ya gwajin na farko atomic bam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. 1943rd shekara aka alama da cewa NKTSM tafi zuwa ga hakar da kuma aiki na uranium tama a kasar Tajikistan a kan Tabarshskom nawa. A shirin da aka 4 tan a kowace shekara na uranium salts.

Yaqi a baya masana kimiyya a lokacin da aka janye daga gaban. A wannan 1943, 11 Fabrairu, shi ya shirya da Laboratory yawan 2 Academy of Sciences. Its sarki da aka nada Kurchatov. Ta aka kamata, don gudanar da aiki a kan halittar atomic bam.

Soviet m, a shekarar 1944 ya samu wani directory, wanda na dauke da muhimman bayanai game da kasancewar uranium-graphite reactors da kuma kayyade sigogi na reactor. Duk da haka, da dama don saukewa ko da karamin gwaji nukiliya reactor uranium ba tukuna zama a kasar mu. A shekarar 1944, 28 Satumba, da Soviet gwamnatin sanya shi m ga NKTSM dauki uranium da kuma uranium salts a jihar asusu. A dakin gwaje-gwaje № 2 ajiya su aiki da aka sanya.

Aikin da za'ayi a Bulgaria

A babban rukuni na masana, tace ta V. Kravchenko, shugaban 4th Special Department na NKVD, a shekarar 1944, a watan Nuwamba, ya tafi ya yi nazarin bincike da sakamakon a cikin kwata 'yanci na Bulgaria. A wannan shekara, a kan Disamba 8 GKO yanke shawarar mai da aiki da kuma hakar na uranium tama daga SCMC 9th Office of State GMP NKVD. A shekarar 1945, a watan Maris, shugaban na karafa da kuma metallurgical sashen na 9th Sashen aka nada Egorov. Sa'an nan, a watan Janairu, shirya da Nii-9 ga nazari na uranium adibas, warware matsaloli na plutonium da kuma uranium karfe, aiki na raw kayan. Bulgaria ta lokaci ruwaito game da wani sati daya da rabi ton na uranium tama.

Yi yadawa shuka

Tun shekarar 1945, a watan Maris, bayan da rasit na Amurka tashoshi NKGB tsari bayanai bam, dangane da manufa na implosion (watau matsawa na fissile abu da fashewa da na al'ada nakiyoyi), aiki a kan makirci da aka kaddamar, wanda ya da wani gagarumin amfani a kan bindiga. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 1945, B. Mahaney rubuta bayanin kula Beriya. Yana ce cewa a shekarar 1947 ake sa ran fara up, don samar da uranium-235 yadawa shuka, located a yawan 2. Performance Laboratory da shuka ya zama game da 25 kg na uranium a kowace shekara. Wannan ya kamata ya kasance isa ga biyu da bama-bamai. Domin da Amurka a zahiri ya dauki 65 kg na uranium-235.

Tsoma hannun a gudanar da bincike Jamusawa masana kimiyya

May 5, 1945 a lokacin yaki ga Berlin aka gano dukiya na don da Physics Cibiyar da Company of Kaiser Wilhelm. A musamman hukumar, karkashin jagorancin A. Zavenyagin aka aika zuwa Jamus a ranar May 9th. Its aiki ya samu masana kimiyya suka yi aiki a can a kan atomic bam, ya tattara kayan a kan uranium matsala. Tare da iyalansu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da aka dauka daga wani gagarumin rukuni na Jamusawa masana kimiyya. Sun hada da Nobel yabon N. Riehl kuma H. Hertz, wani farfesa na Gaibu, M. von Ardenne, P. Thiessen, G. matsayi, M. Vollmer, R. Deppel da sauransu.

Halittar atomic bam an jinkirta

shi ya zama dole don gina makaman nukiliya reactor don samar da plutonium-239. Ko da wani matukin jirgi ya dauki game da 36 ton na uranium karfe, graphite da 500 t 9 t na uranium dioxide. By Agusta 1943, matsalar da aka warware graphite. Its saki da aka kafa a watan Mayu 1944 a birnin Moscow lantarki Shuka. Duk da haka, da dama adadin uranium a kasar ãƙibar 1945.

Stalin so maza maza wani gwajin na farko atomic bam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Shekara zuwa wanda an za'ayi, shi ya asalinsu a 1948 th (har spring). Duk da haka, ta hanyar wannan lokaci akwai ba ko da kayan for ta samar. A sabon wa'adin da aka nada Fabrairu 8, 1945 by gwamnati doka. A atomic bam da aka mayar da su Maris 1, 1949.

A karshe mataki, shirya da gwajin na farko atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet

A taron, wanda ya nemi don haka tsawo, daga baya aka sake shirya. A farko gwajin na atomic bam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya faru a shekara ta 1949, kamar yadda suka shirya, amma ba a watan Maris, kuma a watan Agusta.

A shekarar 1948, a kan Yuni 19, na farko masana'antu reactor ( "A") da aka kaddamar. "B" shuka da aka gina domin kadaici na nukiliya man fetur plutonium samar. Uranium tubalan irradiated, narkar da kuma rabu da sinadaran yana nufin uranium daga plutonium. The bayani ne sai kara tsarkake daga fission kayayyakin domin rage ta radiation aiki. A cikin "B" a cikin Afrilu 1949, mun fara samar da sassa na bam-sa plutonium, ta amfani Nii-9 da fasaha. A farko bincike reactor amfani nauyi ruwa, aka kaddamar a lokaci guda. Tare da yawa hatsarori tafi samar da ci gaba. Lokacin da kawar da su sakamakon da aka lura da lokuta na overexposure sandarka. Duk da haka, a lokacin da muke bai kula da irin wannan trifles. Abu mafi muhimmanci shi ne a gudanar da wani na farko gwajin na wani atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet (ta kwanan - 1949, 29 ga watan Agusta).

A watan Yuli, da cajin ya shirye kit aka gyara. Don shuka ga dauke da fitar jiki ma'aunai, bar wani rukuni na kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya jagoranci Fleury. Theory kungiyar ya jagoranci Zeldovich, aka aika domin sarrafa ji sakamakon, kazalika da kirga yiwuwar samun bai cika katsewa da kuma yadda ya dace dabi'u.

Saboda haka, da farko gwajin na wani atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet da aka samar a cikin shekarar 1949. 5 A Hukumar soma a watan Agusta da aka caje plutonium da kuma aika zuwa KB-11, da musamman jirgin kasa. Akwai da wannan lokaci kusan kammala da zama dole aiki. Control taro na cajin da aka gudanar a KB-11 a daren 10 Agusta 11. Da na'urar da aka sa'an nan dismantled da sassansa suna cushe da za a aika zuwa landfill. Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da farko gwajin na wani atomic bam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya faru a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta. Soviet bam haka ne aka kafa domin 2 shekaru da watanni 8.

A gwajin da farko atomic bam

A Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1949, 29 ga watan Agusta, akwai lokatan nukiliya warhead gwaje-gwaje a Semipalatinsk gwajin site. A cikin na'ura sun na'ura. Ikon da fashewa ya 22 kilotons. A zane amfani da wani cajin maimaita "Fat Man" daga Amurka, da kuma lantarki cika da aka ɓullo da Soviet masana kimiyya. A multilayer tsari ne da wani atomic cajin. Yana da compressing siffar zobe convergent fasa kalaman da aka za'ayi plutonium canja wuri zuwa wani m jihar.

Wasu fasaloli na farko atomic bam

5 kg na plutonium da aka sanya a cikin cibiyar na cajin. The abu da aka samu a cikin nau'i na biyu hemispheres, kewaye da daina kai hare hare na uranium-238. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai hana zuwa core, bloating a lokacin da sarkar dauki domin a lokacin da za a amsa kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin plutonium. Bugu da kari, an yi amfani da matsayin reflector, kazalika da neutron outcumeser. Karambanin taba kewaye da wani harsashi sanya daga aluminum. Ta ta ~ a domin uniform matsawa na buga kalaman na nukiliya cajin.

Girkawar naúrar wanda ya ƙunshi fissile abu, domin kare lafiya da aka yi nan da nan kafin da ake ji a cajin. Domin wannan musamman can ta conical rami rufe toshe na fashewar. Kuma a cikin gida da na waje housings ne ramuka wanda ake rufe ta inuwõyi. Tsagawa nuclei game da 1 kg na plutonium ne saboda da m iko. Sauran 4 kg ba su da lokacin da za a amsa da fesa ne m, a lõkacin da farko atomic bam gwajin da aka za'ayi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, da ranar da kake yanzu da aka sani. Mutane da yawa sabon ra'ayoyi domin inganta tuhumar da ya tashi a lokacin da ake aiwatar da wannan shirin. Sun damu, musamman, inganta yin amfani factor na littattafai, da rage nauyi da kuma size. Idan aka kwatanta da na farko sabon model zama karami, mafi iko da kuma mafi m.

Saboda haka, da farko gwajin na wani atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet ya faru a shekarar 1949, 29 ga watan Agusta. Yana shi ne farkon m aukuwa a wannan yanki, wanda aka kiyaye wannan rana. A gwajin da atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet (1949) ya na da muhimmanci taron a tarihin kasarmu, bada Yunƙurin zuwa ta matsayi a matsayin makamashin nukiliya.

A shekarar 1953, a wannan Semipalatinsk gwajin site, na farko a cikin tarihin na Rasha gwajin wata hydrogen bam. Power shi riga amounted zuwa 400 KT. Kwatanta farko gwaje-gwaje a cikin Tarayyar Soviet atomic bam da hydrogen bam: ikon 22 kilotons da 400 kilotons. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne kawai farkon.

Satumba 14, 1954 at Totsky kewayon sanya farko atisayen sojin, a lokacin da atomic bam da aka yi amfani da. Suna da ake kira "aiki" Snowball "." Atomic bam gwajin a 1954 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, bisa ga declassified, a 1993, da aka za'ayi ciki har da manufar don gano yadda radiation rinjayar da mutum. Mahalarta a cikin wannan gwajin ba da biyan cewa su ba za su bayyana bayani game da sakawa a iska mai guba shekaru 25.