Halogenated hydrocarbons: samun, sinadaran Properties, da yin amfani da

Hydrocarbons - manya-manyan aji na mahadi alaka Organic. Sun hada da dama manyan kungiyoyin na abubuwa, tsakanin wanda kusan kowa da kowa ya sami fadi da aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antu, rayuwa, yanayi. Na musamman muhimmancin ne halogenated hydrocarbons, wanda za a tattauna a cikin labarin. Su ba kawai suna da wani babban kasuwanci darajar, amma kuma wani muhimmin albarkatun kasa domin da yawa sinadaran syntheses, da shiri na medicaments da kuma sauran muhimmanci mahadi. Mu biya musamman da hankali ga su kwayoyin tsarin, Properties, da sauran halaye.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: general halaye

Daga mahangar sunadarai, to wannan aji na mahadi hada da dukan waɗanda hydrocarbons a cikin abin da daya ko fiye da hydrogen atoms an maye gurbinsu da daya ko wani halogen. Wannan ne mai matukar m category na abubuwa, tun suna da babban m muhimmancin. A cikin wani fairly kankanen lokaci mutane sun koya haduwa kusan duk halogenated hydrocarbons, da yin amfani da abin da yake wajibi ne a magani, sinadaran masana'antu, masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum.

Ainihin hanyar shirya wadannan mahadi - wani roba hanya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu, kazalika da a yanayi kusan babu wani daga cikinsu ba ya faruwa. Saboda da halogen suna sosai mai amsawa. Yana fi mayar da kayyade su aikace-aikace a cikin sinadaran kira a matsayin tsaka-tsaki samfurin.

Kamar yadda wakilan halogenated hydrocarbons da yawa, to rarraba su daidai da daban-daban sharudda. Dalili ta'allaka da biyu da tsarin da multiplicity na kewaye sadarwa, da kuma bambanci a cikin sunadaran halogen da wurin da wuri.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: rarrabuwa

A farko embodiment na rabuwa dogara ne a kan kullum yarda da ka'idojin da suka shafi dukan gudanar da mahadi. A rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan bambanci a cikin irin na carbon sarkar, ta cyclicality. A wannan hasashe emit:

• iyakance halogenated hydrocarbons.
• unsaturated.
• aromatic.
• aliphatic.
• acyclic.

Next rabuwa dogara ne a kan wani halogen zarra kuma ta gwada yawa abun ciki a cikin kwayoyin. Saboda haka, release:

• monoderivatives.
• diproizvodnye.
• tri-.
• tetra.
• pentaproizvodnye da sauransu.

Idan muka magana game da wani halogen, sa'an nan da sunan sub-rukuni ya kunshi kalmomi biyu. Alal misali, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken da sauransu.

Har ila yau, akwai wani embodiment na rarrabuwa, wanda aka raba da zai fi dacewa halogenated cikakken hydrocarbons. Wannan shi ne yawan carbon zarra wacce halogen ne a haɗe. Saboda haka, release:

• primary Kalam.
• sakandare.
• manyan, da sauransu.

Kowane mutum wakilin za a iya ranked bisa ga dukan alamu, kuma domin sanin cikakken wuri a cikin tsarin kwayoyin mahadi. Alal misali, a fili tare da wani abun da ke ciki na CH ₃ - CH ₂ -CH = CH-CCL ₃ za a iya classified a matsayin. Wannan ba wani iyaka aliphatic trihlorproizvodnoe pentene.

kwayoyin tsarin

A gaban halogen kwayoyin halitta ba zai iya amma shafi duka da jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties, da kuma janar tsarin da kwayoyin. A general dabara domin wannan aji na mahadi ne daga cikin irin R-Hal, inda R - hydrocarbon m free of wani tsarin, da kuma Hal - a halogen zarra, ɗaya ko fiye. Sadarwa a tsakanin carbon da halogen karfi polarized, inda da kwayoyin a matsayin dukan o ƙarin biyu effects:

• korau inductance.
• mesomeric positive.

A nan, na farko wanda yake shi ne muhimmanci karfi, don haka da Hal zarra ne ko da yaushe farfado da kaddarorin electron-janye substituent.

A duk sauran tsarin fasali na kwayoyin ne ba daban-daban daga wadanda na al'ada hydrocarbons. Kadarorin bayyana tsari da kuma ta sarkar sashe, yawan carbon atoms, aromatic karfi halaye.

Musamman hankali ya kamata nomenclature na halogenated hydrocarbons. Ta yaya za a kira da data connection? Don yin wannan, kana bukatar ka bi 'yan dokoki.

1. sarkar Lambobin fara da baki ga abin da kusa ne a halogen zarra. Idan akwai wani mahara bond, da kidaya fara da ita, ba tare da electron-janye substituents.
2. Sunan Hal nuna a cikin prefix, ya kamata kuma nuna yawan carbon atoms daga wanda yana shũɗewa.
3. A karshe mataki ne da aka ba sunan babban sarkar sunadaran (ko zobe).

An misali na irin wannan sunayen: CH ₂ = CH-CHCL ₂ - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Sunan za a iya ba da kuma m nomenclature. A wannan yanayin, da m ambaci sunan, sa'an nan - da kari na baya baki -id halogen. Misali: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br - propyl bromide.

Kamar sauran azuzuwan hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi, halogenated hydrocarbons ne na musamman tsarin. Wannan damar da yawa 'yan designate tarihi sunayen. Alal misali, Halothane CF ₃ CBrClH. Availability na uku halogens a cikin kwayoyin na samar da musamman Properties na abu. Ana amfani da magani, don haka shi ne mafi kusantar amfani da tarihi sunayen.

roba hanyoyin

Hanyar domin shirya halogenated hydrocarbons ne quite bambance bambancen. Akwai biyar na asali hanyoyin da kira na wadannan mahadi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu.

1. Halogenation na al'ada tsarin al'ada hydrocarbons. Janar dauki makirci: RH + Hal ₂ → R-Hal + HHal. Features na aiwatar su ne kamar haka: tare da chlorine da bromine tabbata ga UV radiation, dauki tare da aidin ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba, ko sosai jinkirin. Tun da sunadarin flourine hulda ne ma aiki, don haka amfani da aiki halogen a cikin m siffar iya ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin halogenation na aromatic Kalam bukatar amfani da musamman catalysts tsari - da Lewis acid. Ga misali, da baƙin ƙarfe chloride ko aluminum.
2. Shiri na halogenated hydrocarbons ma za'ayi da gidrogalogenirovaniya. Duk da haka, wannan na farko fili dole ne ya zama unsaturated hydrocarbon. Misali: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. A mafi kama da electrophilic Bugu da kari an yi amfani da su samu chloroethene ko roba chloride, tun da wannan fili shi ne wani muhimmin albarkatun kasa ga masana'antu syntheses.
3. Gurbin kan gidrogalogenov alcohols. A general nau'i na dauki: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H ₂ O. A wani al'amari na wajibi gaban mai kara kuzari. Misalai na aiwatar da accelerators cewa za a iya amfani da: phosphorus chlorides, sulfur, tutiya ko kuwa baƙin ƙarfe, sulfuric acid, wani bayani na tutiya chloride a hydrochloric acid - Lucas reagent.
4. Decarboxylation na acid salts a cikin oxidizing wakili. Wani sunan ga Hanyar - dauki Borodin-Hunsdikkera. Jigon kunshi a tsakiyan nonon na da kwayoyin da na carbon dioxide daga azurfa Kalam na carboxylic acid lokacin da fallasa su da wani oxidizing wakili - halogen. A sakamakon haka, halogenated hydrocarbons suna kafa. Halayen kullum su ne kamar haka: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO ₂ + AgHal.
5. Kira galoformov. A wasu kalmomin, wata liyafar trigalogenproizvodnyh methane. A mafi sauki hanyar samar da su - daukan hotuna zuwa acetone alkaline bayani halogens. A sakamakon haka, akwai wani samuwar galoformnyh kwayoyin. Hada a cikin wannan hanya a masana'antu halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.

Musamman hankali ya kamata a biya su kira na unsaturated wakilan wannan aji. Ainihin Hanyar - ne da tasiri a kan alkynes Mercury salts da kuma jan a gaban halogens, wanda results a cikin wani samfurin da biyu bond a cikin sarkar.

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons samu ta hanyar halogenation halayen arenes ko alkylarene gefen sarkar. Wadannan suna da muhimmanci masana'antu kayayyakin, tun suna amfani da kwari a fannin aikin gona.

jiki Properties

The jiki Properties na halogenated hydrocarbons ne kai tsaye dogara a kan tsarin da kwayoyin. A tafasar zafin jiki da kuma narkewa Jihar tari shafi yawan carbon atoms a cikin sarkar da yiwu rassan a gefen rabo. Da more, da Figures ne mafi girma. A general mu iya faye hali jiki sigogi a dama da maki.

1. Bayyanar: na farko ƙananan wakilan - gas, m to C ₁₂ - ruwa sama - m jiki.
2. Da kaifi m takamaiman wari, kusan duk wakilan.
3. Very talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma da kanka - kyau kwarai kaushi. A gudanar da mahadi ake narkar da sosai.
4. Ruwan da dab da zazzabi karuwa tare da kara yawan carbon atoms a cikin babban sarkar.
5. All sadarwa, fãce sunadarin flourine Kalam, mutum fiye da ruwa.
6. A mafi rassan a cikin babban sarkar, ƙananan tafasar batu na abu.

Wuya a gano da yawa irin wannan fasali da na kowa, saboda wakilan bambanta ƙwarai a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin. Saboda haka, mafi sakamakon dabi'u ga kowane musamman fili na wannan jerin hydrocarbons.

sinadaran Properties

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci sigogi wanda dole ne la'akari da sinadaran masana'antu da kuma kira halayen ne sinadaran Properties na halogenated hydrocarbons. Su ne ba iri daya ba ga duk members, kamar yadda akwai wani yawan dalilan da bambanci.

1. A tsarin da carbon sarkar. A mafi sauki hanyar canzawa dauki (nucleophilic irin) zo daga sakandare da kuma manyan alkyl halides.
2. Halogen irin ne mai muhimmanci. Sadarwa a tsakanin carbon da Hal ne karfi polarized, da kuma cewa shi samar da mai sauki katsewa da su saki free radicals. Duk da haka, mafi sauki hanyar sadarwa ta kasance an tsage tsakanin aidin da carbon saboda halitta canji (saukarwa) a dauri makamashi a cikin jerin: F-CL-Br-I.
3. A gaban da aromatic m, ko mahara shaidu.
4. Tsari da kuma sashe na m.

A general, shi ne mafi kyau ga alkyl halides amsa daidai nucleophilic canzawa. Bayan carbon zarra bayan katsewa saboda halogen mayar da hankali partially tabbatacce cajin. Wannan damar da m matsayin dukan zama Mai karɓar eletronootritsatelnyh barbashi. Ga misali:

• OH ^-.
• SO ₄ ^2-.
• NO ₂ ^-.
• CN ^- da sauransu.

Wannan ya bayyana cewa daga halogenated hydrocarbon iya zuwa kusan duk wani aji na gudanar da mahadi kawai bukatar zabi da ya dace reagent wadda za ta samar da ake so ayyuka.

A general shi za a iya ce da cewa sinadaran Properties na halogenated hydrocarbon ne a cikin ikon tafiyar da wadannan interactions.

1. Tare da nucleophilic barbashi wani daban-daban irin - da canzawa dauki. A sakamakon iya samun: alcohols, ethers, esters, nitro mahadi, amines, nitriles, carboxylic acid.
2. Kawar dauki ko dehydrohalogenation. A sakamakon wani giya bayani daga Alkali halide kwayoyin da aka raba kashe. Kamar wancan kafa alkene, low kwayoyin nauyi da-kayayyakin - da gishiri da ruwa. Misali na dauki: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br + NaOH _(barasa) → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + NaBr + H _{2 O.} Wadannan matakai - daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da kira na alkenes muhimmanci. A tsari ne da yaushe tare da high yanayin zafi.
3. Shiri alkanes al'ada tsarin Wurtz kira Hanyar. Jigon da dauki kunshi a fallasa da Halo-sauya hydrocarbon (biyu kwayoyin) sodium karfe. Yadda karfi electropositive ion, sodium yarda halogen kwayoyin halitta daga fili. A sakamakon haka, da saki hydrocarbon radicals an rufe tsakanin wani bond, alkane kafa sabon tsarin. Misali: CH ₃ -CH ₂ CL + CH ₃ -CH ₂ CL + 2Na → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ + 2NaCl.
   
4. Kira homologues na aromatic hydrocarbons da Friedel-Crafts dauki. Jigon da tsari - na biyayya da haloalkyl benzene a gaban aluminum chloride. A sakamakon da aka canza halayen da toluene da kuma samuwar hydrogen chloride. A wannan yanayin da kasancewar wani sinadari ne na wajibi. Bayan da benzene a cikin wannan hanya za a iya oxidized kuma ta homologs.
5. Shiri Grenyara ruwa. Wannan reagent ne Halo-sauya hydrocarbon da magnesium ion a cikin abun da ke ciki. Da farko shi za'ayi da tasiri na magnesium karfe a cikin iska a kan wani wanda aka samu haloalkyl. A sakamakon haka ne wani hadadden fili na janar dabara RMgHal, kira Grenyara reagent.
6. rage ga alkane (alkene, arene). Yi karkashin mataki na hydrogen. A sakamakon haka ne hydrocarbon da kuma da-samfurin - hydrogen halide. Wani misali da wani janar form: R-Hal + H ₂ → RH + HHal.

Wannan shi ne ainihin hulda, wanda za a iya saukin shiga halogenated hydrocarbons da daban-daban tsarin. Hakika, akwai kuma takamaiman halayen, abin da ya kamata a yi la'akari ga kowane wakilin.

isomer kwayoyin

Isomerism halogenated hydrocarbons - wata halitta gaba daya sabon abu. An sani cewa mafi carbon atoms a cikin sarkar, da hakan yawan isomeric siffofin. Bugu da kari, da unsaturated wakilan da mahara shaidu, wanda kuma ya zama wata hanyar isomers.

Biyu main irin wannan sabon abu ga wannan aji na mahadi za a iya gano.

1. Isomerism m da wani carbon kwarangwal na babban sarkar. Wannan ma za a iya dangana ga matsayi na mahara bond, idan ba a cikin kwayoyin. Kamar yadda da sauki hydrocarbons, daga uku wakilin dabara iya rikodin mahadi da ciwon m kwayoyin amma daban-daban tsarin formular magana. Haka kuma, yawan isomeric siffofin da wani tsari na girma fi daidai alkanes (alkenes, alkynes, arenes da sauransu) to halogen hydrocarbons.
2. A matsayi na halogen a cikin kwayoyin. Its wurin zama yawan nuna a cikin suna, ko da idan canji daya kawai, da kaddarorin wadannan isomers zai zama quite daban-daban.

Sarari isomerism nan ba muna magana, kamar yadda halogen atoms yi wannan ba zai yiwu ba. Kamar yadda da dukan da sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi a haloalkyls isomers bambanta ba kawai a tsarin amma kuma cikin jiki da kuma sinadaran halaye.

Kalam na unsaturated hydrocarbon

Irin wannan mahadi, ba shakka, mai yawa. Duk da haka, muna da sha'awar a halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Su kuma za a iya raba uku main kungiyoyin.

1. Roba - a lokacin da Hal zarra aka located kai tsaye a carbon zarra mahara bond. MISALI kwayoyin: CH ₂ = CCL _2.
2. Tare da wani zama ruwan dare matsayi. A halogen zarra da mahara bond aka located in m sassa na kwayoyin. Misali: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -Cl.
3. Allyl Kalam - a halogen zarra da biyu bond aka located ta hanyar daya carbon zarra, cewa an adana a cikin alpha matsayi. Misali: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CL.

Na musamman muhimmancin ne a fili, kamar roba chloride, CH ₂ = CHCL. Shi ne iya Polymerization halayen ta samar da muhimmanci kayayyakin, kamar rufi, mai hana ruwa zane da sauransu.

Wani wakilin unsaturated halogenated Kalam - chloroprene. Formula ya - SN₂ = CCL-CH = SN₂. Wannan fili ne a fara abu don kira na rubbers abin da ya bambanta wuta juriya, dogon rayuwa, low permeability to gas.

Tetrafluoroethylene (ko Teflon), - a polymer wanda yana da ingancin bayani dalla-dalla. Yana amfani ga yi na m cover for fasaha bayani, jita-jita, da dama na'urorin. Formula - CF ₂ = CF _2.

Aromatic hydrocarbons da su Kalam

Aromatic mahadi su ne wadanda suka hada da benzene zobe. Daga cikin su ma suna da wani dukan rukuni na halogen. Biyu main iri su a cikin tsari da za a iya gano.

1. Idan Hal zarra ne bonded kai tsaye zuwa cikin zuciyar, da Ina nufin aromatic zobe, sa'an nan da fili da aka kira haloarenes.
2. A halogen zarra ba daure su da zobe da kuma gefen sarkar sunadaran, Ina nufin wani m effluent cikin gefen reshe. Irin wannan mahadi ake kira aryl alkyl halides.

Daga cikin abubuwa da za a iya tambaya ya kira dama membobin wanda da mafi girma m muhimmancin.

1. Hexachlorobenzene - C ₆ CL _6. Tun farkon da XX karni da aka yi amfani a matsayin mai iko fungicide da kuma magani. Shi yana da kyau disinfecting sakamako, saboda haka aka yi amfani da iri domin magani kafin screenings. Yana da wani m wari, da isasshen ruwa caustic, bayyanannu, zai iya sa tearing.
2. Benzyl bromide C ₆ H ₅ CH ₂ Br. Ana amfani da a matsayin wani muhimmin reactant a cikin kira na organometallic mahadi.
3. Chlorobenzene C ₆ H ₅ CL. Colorless ruwa abu da ciwon takamaiman wari. Amfani a cikin yi na dyes, magungunan kashe qwari. Shi ne daya daga cikin mafi kyau kwayoyin kaushi.

Yi amfani da masana'antu

Halogenated hydrocarbons amfani da masana'antu da kuma sinadaran kira ne sosai m. Game da unsaturated kuma aromatic wakilan mun ce. Yanzu nuna a fakaice kullum da yin amfani da mahadi wannan jerin.

1. A yi.
2. Kamar yadda kaushi.
3. A samar da Textiles, roba, roba, colorants, polymeric kayan.
4. Domin kira na da yawa Organic mahadi.
5. Sunadarin flourine Kalam (CFCs) - a refrigerants a refrigeration tsarin.
6. Amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, kwari, fungicides, mai, varnishes, resins, lubricants.
7. Tafi zuwa tsirar insulating kayan, da sauransu.