Hanawa na tsakiya m tsarin: iri, inji darajar

Regulation na na tsarin jijiya aiki ne matakai na zumudi da kuma hanawa a CNS. Da farko, ta bayyana a matsayin na farko dauki wani mai kara kuzari. A kan aiwatar da juyin halitta yana mai wahala na neuroendocrine ayyuka, manyan ga samuwar babban sassa na juyayi da kuma endocrine tsarin. A wannan labarin, za mu bincika daya daga cikin manyan matakai - hanawa a CNS, da iri da kuma sunadaran da ta aiwatar.

M nama, ta sifa da aiki

Daya jinsunan dabbobi kyallen takarda, mai suna jijiya yana da musamman tsarin da yake bayar da biyu da zumudi tsari da kuma kunna braking aiki a cikin CNS. Jijiya Kwayoyin kunshi jiki da kuma appendages: short (dendrites) da kuma dogon (axon), wanda ya samar da riwayar jijiyar daga daya zuwa wani neurocyte. A ƙarshen axon na jijiya cell lambobi da dendrites na gaba neurocyte a wuraren kira synapses. Sun tabbatar da cewa bioelectric hasken dake fitowa tare jijiya nama. Cikinsa da zumudi ko da yaushe motsa a daya shugabanci - daga axon ga jiki ko dendrites na wani neurocyte.

Wani dukiya fãce zumudi sunã gudãna a cikin jijiya nama, - hanawa a CNS. Shi ne jiki ta mayar da martani ga kara kuzari abu zuwa rage ko cikakken lõkacin fatara daga mota ko secretory aiki, wanda ya shafi centrifugal neurons. Braking a juyayi nama na iya faruwa ba tare da na farko zumudi, amma kawai a ƙarƙashin rinjayar braking na matsakanci, kamar Gaba. Shi ne daya daga cikin babban riwayar braking. Zaka kuma iya kiran wannan abu kamar yadda glycine. Wannan amino acid ne da hannu a inganta mai hanawa matakai da kuma stimulates samar da kwayoyin a synapses gammaaminomaslyannoy acid.

I. M. Sechenov da aikinsa a cikin neurophysiology

Shahararren Rasha masanin kimiyya, mahaliccin da ka'idar da reflex aiki na kwakwalwa nuna gaban a tsakiyar sassa na juyayi tsarin na musamman gidaje na sel iya inactivating bioelectric tafiyar matakai. Bude birki cibiyoyin a cikin tsakiyar m tsarin da aka yi zai yiwu ta hanyar amfani da I. Sechenov iri uku gwaje-gwajen. Wadannan sun hada da yankan sassan na haushi a fagage daban-daban na kwakwalwa, ruri na mutum loci m al'amarin da jiki ko sunadarai dalilai (lantarki, sodium chloride) kazalika da hanyar da zumudi na physiological kwakwalwa cibiyoyin. I. M. Sechenov mai girma experimenter, yin matsananci-madaidaici cuts a yankin tsakanin thalami da dama a cikin thalamus na rana. Ya duba rage da kuma cikakken lõkacin fatara daga mota aiki na dabba ta wata gabar jiki.

Saboda haka, neurophysiologist bude wani musamman irin na tsarin jijiya matakai - hanawa a CNS. Nau'in da sunadaran da da samuwar, mun tattauna a more daki-daki a cikin wadannan sassan, kuma a yanzu sake saktsentiruem da hankali ga wannan al'amari: a wannan sashen a matsayin medulla oblongata, kuma thalamic located site kira da birki, ko "Sechenovskiy" cibiyar. The masanin kimiyyar kuma tabbatar da kasancewar ba kawai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa amma kuma a cikin mutane. Bugu da ƙari, I. M. Sechenov gano sabon abu na tonic zumudi birki cibiyoyin. An gane da wannan tsari kananan zumudi a centrifugal neurons da related tsokoki, kazalika a hanawa na jijiya cibiyoyin kansu.

Hul] a ko na tsarin jijiya matakai?

Nazarin shahararren Rasha physiologist I. P. Pavlova da I. M. Sechenova tabbatar da cewa, aikin na tsakiya m tsarin halin da co-keɓewa, na reflex halayen. Hulda da zumudi da kuma hanawa a CNS results a cikin wani hadewa tsari na jikin ayyuka: jiki aiki, numfasawa, narkewa, tukar tumbi. Bioelectric matakai lokaci guda faruwa a jijiya cibiyoyin kuma iya sequentially canji na tsawon lokaci. Yana bayar da hulda da kuma dace nassi na mayar da martani reflexes zuwa sakonni ciki da kuma na waje muhalli. Wurare da dama da gwaje-gwaje da neurophysiologists, ya tabbatar da cewa da zumudi da kuma hanawa a tsakiya m tsarin - a key m mamaki, wadda ake bisa wasu alamu. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

A jijiya cibiyoyin na cerebral bawo ne iya raba da iri matakai cikin juyayi tsarin. Wannan dukiya ne ake kira haskakawa zumudi ko hanawa. A gaban sabon abu - rage ko iyakance yanki na kwakwalwa, yada bioimpulsy. Shi ne ake kira taro. Da iri interactions, da masana kimiyya ya lura da samuwar sharadi motor reflexes. A lokacin farko na motor basira, a sakamakon sakawa a iska mai guba na zumudi lokaci guda yanke mahara tsoka kungiyoyin, ba dole ba ne da hannu a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na motor yi kafa. Kawai bayan da mahara maimaitawar generated kafa ta jiki motsi (tsere kan, gudun kan, hawan keke), sakamakon wani taro na zumudi matakai a takamaiman neuronal cortical foci, duk mutum ƙungiyoyi zama vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Sauya sheka da jijiya cibiyoyin iya faruwa saboda shigar da. Yana bayyana lokacin da wadannan yanayi ne gamsu: na farko akwai hanawa ko zumudi taro, wadannan matakai ya zama na isa ƙarfi. A kimiyya da aka sani iri biyu shigar da: S-lokaci (a cikin CNS tsakiyar hanawa kara habaka zumudi) da kuma mummunan tsari (zumudi sa braking tsari). Har ila yau samu wani m shigar da. A wannan yanayin, da m tsari ne juyawa a cikin jijiya cibiyar. Nazarin neuroscientists sun tabbatar da cewa da hali na mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma mutane da aka ayyana ta shigar da mamaki, sakawa a iska mai guba da kuma maida hankali na tsarin jijiya zumudi da hanawa.

mika wuyansu braking

Bari mu bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki-daban na braking a CNS da kuma mayar da hankali a kan wani fom da cewa shi ne muhimmi a duka biyu dabbobi da mutane. Kalmar da aka samarwa da Ivan Pavlov. The masanin kimiyya yi ĩmãni da wannan tsari ne daya daga cikin m Properties na cikin juyayi tsarin da kuma gano biyu na irin: mutuwa na da m. Bari mu tattauna su a mafi daki-daki.

Ya ɗauka a cikin bawo akwai zumudi hearth, ya haifar da hatsaisai zuwa aiki memba (tsokoki, gland shine yake secretory Kwayoyin). Saboda canza yanayin waje ko ciki yanayi ya taso da wani m rabo daga cerebral bawo. Yana haifar da wani bioelectrical sakonni na mafi tsanani da damuarn zumudi na baya aiki a jijiya cibiyar da reflex baka. Mutuwa hanawa a CNS results a cikin wannan tsanani na orienting reflex hankali rage-rage. A bayani na wannan sun hada da primary kara kuzari ba sa zumudi a cikin tsari rabe afferent neuron.

Wani irin hanawa lura a mutane da kuma dabbobi, ya nuna da gwajin gudanar da Nobel Prize a 1904. I. P. Pavlovym. A lokacin da ciyar da karnuka (fitsari samu daga kumatunta) experimenters hada da kaifi sauti - yau daga fitsari daina. Irin wannan hanawa view masanin kimiyya kira m.

Kamar yadda wani muhimmi dukiya, hanawa na tsakiya m tsarin gudana ta hanyar unconditioned reflex inji. Shi ne wajen m, kuma ba ya haifar da da ya kwarara daga wani babban adadin kuzari, abu don bayanin daina sharadi reflexes. Constant braking mika wuyansu da ke tafiya tare da yawa psychosomatic cututtuka: psoriasis, spastic da flaccid inna.

Abin da aka Fading birki

Ci gaba da karatu da sunadaran da hanawa a tsakiya m tsarin, la'akari da abin da yake daya daga cikin iri, da ake kira birki Fading. Sananne ne cewa orienting reflex ne jiki ta mayar da martani ga tasirin da sabon waje sigina. A wannan yanayin, a cikin cerebral bawo jijiya cibiyar da aka kafa a cikin wani Jihar zumudi. Ya Forms reflex baka da cewa shi ne alhakin da jiki ta mayar da martani da kuma kira da orienting reflex. Wannan reflex yi Yanã hanawa daga cikin sharadi reflex na abin da ke faruwa a wannan lokacin. Bayan maimaitawa refillable extraneous samuwar kasashe reflex, kira nuni hankali rage-rage, kuma a karshe vuya. Saboda haka, ba sa mafi girma hanawa daga cikin sharadi reflex. Irin wannan siginar da aka samu da kuma sunan Fading birki.

Saboda haka, external hanawa na sharadi reflexes saboda da tasiri na a kasashen waje jiki siginar da take da wani m dukiya na tsakiya da kuma na gefe m tsarin. Kwatsam ko sabon kara kuzari, kamar ciwo abin mamaki, m sauti, haske canji, ba kawai yana sa da orienting reflex, amma kuma taimaka wa weakening ko cikakken lõkacin fatara daga sharadi reflex baka, shi ne a halin yanzu aiki. Idan waje siginar (wanin zafi) aiki akai-akai, hanawa da sharadi reflex bayyana karami. A nazarin halittu rawar da jijiya aiwatar unconstrained form kunshi a dauke da fitar da jiki ta mayar da martani ga wani mai kara kuzari, shi ne mafi muhimmanci a wannan lokacin.

ciki hanawa

Sauran sunan amfani a Physiology na mafi girma m aiki - sharadi hanawa. Babban bukata kafun ga fitowan da wannan tsari - da rashin ƙarfafa sakonni zuwa daga waje duniya, m reflexes: narkewa kamar, salivary. Ya faru a karkashin wadannan yanayi braking CNS matakai bukatar wani lokaci tazara. La'akari da ra'ayoyinsu a more daki-daki.

Alal misali, bambanci hanawa ya auku a matsayin mayar da martani ga muhalli sakonni, ya zo daidai a amplitude, tsanani da kuma ikon da sharadi mai kara kuzari. Wannan nau'i na hulda tsakanin juyayi tsarin da waje duniya damar jiki zuwa mafi finely rarrabe tsakanin samuwar kasashe da kuma ware su daga totality abin da aka bar m reflex. Alal misali, sauti na mai kira da a karfi na 15 Hz, da goyan bayan da ƙullunku da abinci, da kare ɓullo da wani sharadi salivary martani. Idan dabba yin amfani da wani sauti, ikon 25 Hz, ba baiwa, shi da abinci, a farko jerin gwaje-gwajen, da kare daga fitsari yau za a kasaftawa zuwa biyu da sharadi mai kara kuzari. Bayan wani lokaci dabba nufin bambantawa daga wadannan sakonni, da kuma a kan sauti ikon 25 Hz daga yau fitsari daina tsaya fita, wato, ci gaba bambance hanawa.

Saki da kwakwalwa daga bayanin da ya rasa wani m muhimmiyar rawa ga jikin - wannan aiki ne daidai aikin braking a tsakiya m tsarin. Physiology empirically tabbatar da cewa, sharadi motor dauki, da anchored wajen samar da basira, na iya dage cikin rayuwar mutum, kamar tsere kan, hawan keke.

Rungumar, zamu iya cewa da hana ruwa guda matakai a tsakiya m tsarin - da weakening ko lõkacin fatara daga wasu halayen da kwayoyin. Su ne da muhimmanci sosai, kamar yadda duk jikin ta reflexes an gyara daidai da modified sharuddan, kuma idan sharadi siginar ya rasa da darajar, ko gaba daya zai iya Fade. Daban-daban iri deceleration a CNS ne na asali zuwa ga irin wannan mutum da iyawarsa ta tunani da kai adana, nuna bambanci samuwar kasashe fata.

A jinkirta bayyanar da juyayi tsari

Empirically wanda zai iya haifar da wani halin da ake ciki a da jiki ta mayar da martani ga sharadi sigina daga waje yanayi da aka nuna da daukan hotuna da unconditioned kara kuzari, kamar abinci. Ta kara tazarar lokaci tsakanin farkon daukan hotuna na sharadi siginar (haske, sauti, msl, metronome) da kuma lokacin da ya ƙarfafa zuwa minti uku a sama yau sharadi samuwar kasashe ƙara jinkirta, kuma ya auku ne kawai a lokacin da gaban da dabbobi ya bayyana Feeder da abinci. Lagging martani ga sharadi alama ne da ke nuni hanawa na CNS matakai kira jinkirta view, a cikinsa shi yayi dace da kwarara lokaci na bata lokaci ba tazara na unconditioned kara kuzari, kamar abinci.

The darajar hanawa a CNS

A jikin mutum shi ne, a alamance magana, shi ne "a kan gani" babbar dama dalilai na waje da kuma na ciki yanayi wanda shi ne tilasta amsa da kuma samar da wani jam'i na tunani. Su jijiya cibiyoyin da arcs aka kafa a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma laka. juyayi tsarin obalodi babbar dama m cibiyoyin a cikin cerebral bawo yana da mummunan tasiri a kan shafi tunanin mutum da kiwon lafiya, amma kuma rage yadda ya dace.

Halittu sansanonin 'yan adam hali

Da iri da juyayi nama aiki, a matsayin zumudi da kuma hanawa a CNS, su ne tushen mafi girma m aiki. Yana shigar da physiological sunadaran da mutum shafi tunanin mutum aiki. Rukunan mafi girma m aiki da aka tsara I. P. Pavlovym. A zamani fassarar shi karanta kamar haka:

• Zumudi da kuma hanawa a tsakiya m tsarin, abin da ke faruwa a tare, samar da hadaddun shafi tunanin mutum da tafiyar matakai: memory, tunani, magana, da sani, da kuma samar da hadaddun adam halayya martani.

Don yin kimiyya-tushen yanayin na binciken, aikin, dama, da masana kimiyya amfani da ilimi na dokokin na mafi girma m aiki.

A nazarin halittu muhimmancin irin wannan aiki jijiya tsari kamar yadda za a iya hanawa m kamar haka. Canza yanayi na waje da kuma na ciki yanayi (babu wani sharadi ƙarfafa siginar m reflex) entails isasshen canje-canje Na'urar sunadaran dake jikin mutum. Saboda haka ya samu reflex yi hana (kashe) ko gaba daya vuya kamar yadda shi ya zama impractical ga kwayoyin.

Mene ne mafarki?

I. P. Pavlov a cikin ayyukansu tabbatar da gwaje da cewa matakai na hanawa a tsakiya m tsarin da kuma barci da wannan yanayi. A lokacin da wakefulness na jiki a kan bango na] aukacin aiki na cerebral bawo ne har yanzu kamu wasu da shafukan ta rufe ciki braking. A lokacin barci, shi haskake kan dukan surface na cerebral hemispheres, kai subcortical Tsarin: thalamus (thalamus), hypothalamus, reticular samuwar da limbic tsarin. Kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar shahararren neuroscientist P. K. Anohin, duk wadannan sassa na tsakiya m tsarin alhakin halayya duniyoyin, motsin zuciyarmu da kuma gabbai, lokacin barci su rage aiki. Wannan entails a rage a cikin ƙarni na jijiyar ya fito daga karkashin murfin. Saboda haka, kunnawa da bawo an rage. Wannan damar da sauran da kuma dawo da metabolism a cikin neurocytes na kwakwalwa da kuma a ko'ina cikin jiki a matsayin dukan.

Gwaje-gwaje da sauran masana kimiyya (Hess ceton) gidaje da aka kafa musamman jijiya Kwayoyin na zuwa da ba-takamaiman kwaya thalamus. zumudi matakai kamu a su, haddasa ragi a cikin biorhythms ɓawon burodi wanda za a iya kyan gani, a matsayin gwamnatin rikon kwarya daga aiki jiha (farkakku) barci. Nazarin na kwakwalwa yankunan kamar yadda Silvio aikin famfo da kuma III ventricle, ya sa masana kimiyya da ra'ayin na zama na cibiyar na da tsari na barci. Ya aka anatomically da alaka da cikin yankunan da kwakwalwa alhakin wakefulness. Kayar da wannan wuri bawo da rauni ko a sakamakon hereditary cuta a cikin mutane take kaiwa zuwa pathologic yanayi na rashin barci. Har ila yau, lura da cewa da tsari na jiki ta da muhimmanci ga braking aiwatar kamar yadda barci kwashe jijiya cibiyoyin diencephalon da subcortical nuclei: da caudate, amygdala, fences da lenticular.