Yadda ya dace da zafi injuna. Yadda ya dace da wani zafi engine - Formula

Modern hakikar da bukatar zafi injuna m aiki. Wurare da dama a yunkurin maye gurbin su da wutar lantarki Motors yayin da jurewa gazawar. The matsaloli hade da jari na ikon a m tsarin, an warware tare da wahala.

Har yanzu dacewa matsaloli na Manufacturing ikon baturi fasahar bisa laákari da dogon lokacin da amfani. Speed halaye na lantarki motocin ne da nisa daga waɗanda suke a cikin motoci, ciki konewa injuna.

A farko matakai a cikin halittar matasan injuna iya rage da noxious watsi a Metropolitan yankunan, warware matsalolin muhalli.

A kadan tarihi

The yiwuwar canji na makamashi na tururi a cikin sanadin motsi makamashi da aka sani tun lokacin da. 130 BC: Hadishi Geron Aleksandriysky gabatar da masu sauraro tururi abun wasa - eolipil. Sphere cika da tururi, ya zo a cikin juyawa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar emanating daga ta jiragen sama. Wannan samfur na zamani tururi inji mai farfela a lokacin da aikace-aikace da aka iske ba.

Domin shekaru masu yawa da kuma karni Falsafa ci gaban da aka dauke shi kamar wani fun wasan yara. A 1629 da Italian D. Branca halitta a proactive injin turbin. Ma'aurata saita a tashin da Disc bayar da ruwan wukake.

Daga wannan lokacin ya fara da m ci gaba da tururi injuna.

kadan engine

Da canji na da ciki makamashi na man fetur a cikin makamashi na motsi na na'ura sassa da kuma sunadaren da amfani a zafi injuna.

Main sassa na inji: hita (tsarin samun makamashi daga waje), da aiki jiki (aikin wani amfani tasiri), firiji.

A hita da aka tsara don aiki m tara isasshen jari na ciki da makamashi domin amfani aiki. Fridge daukan tafi wuce haddi da makamashi.

Babban halayyar yadda ya dace ne da ake kira dace zafi injuna. Wannan yawa ya nuna abin da na makamashi ciyar a dumama ciyar da su na yin amfani aiki. A mafi girma da ya dace, da m aiki na na'ura, amma wannan darajar iya wuce 100%.

Lissafi na iya aiki

Bari hita externally samu makamashi daidai Q _1. Tools jiki aikata aikin A, yayin da makamashi ba firiji ya Q _2.

Bisa ga tabbatar da dalilin, muna lissafi da ya dace darajar:

η = A / Q _1. Muna zaton cewa A = Q ₁ - Q _2.

Saboda haka ya dace da zafi engine, da dabara na wanda aka bai da η = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1, damar da wadannan karshe:

• Yadda ya dace ba zai iya wuce 1 (ko 100%).
• to kara wannan yawa dole kara a ko dai da makamashi samu daga da hita, ko wani karu da makamashi ba firiji.
• kara da hita ikon cimma wani canji na man fetur ingancin;
• rage makamashi, yana ba da firiji, ba da damar cimma zane fasali na injuna.

An manufa zafi engine

Shin halittar irin wannan engine yiwu, yadda ya dace da wanda zai zama matsakaicin (a cikin wani manufa - daidaita 100%)? Nemo amsar wannan tambaya kokarin Faransa likita da kuma talented m Sadi Carnot. A 1824 ya msar tambayar lissafin game da tafiyar matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin gas da aka saki.

Ainihin ra'ayin aiwatuwa a cikin manufa inji za a iya daukan hali reversible matakai da manufa gas. An fara tare da fadada daga cikin gas isothermally a zazzabi T _1. The adadin zafi da ake bukata domin wannan dalili, - Q _1. Bayan gas ba tare da fadada zafi (wani adiabatic tsari). Bayan kai da zazzabi T _2, da gas da aka matsa isothermally ta wucewa da firiji makamashi Q _2. gas koma asalin jihar aka yi adiabatically.

Yadda ya dace da wani manufa Carnot zafi engine tare da ainihin lissafi ne rabo na da zazzabi bambanci tsakanin dumama da kuma sanyaya na'urar zuwa da zazzabi, wanda yana da hita. Yana kama da wannan: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

Zai yiwu thermal yadda ya dace da na'ura, wanda dabara yana da siffar: η = 1 - T ₂ / T _1, dogara kawai a kan darajar hita kuma mai sanyaya yanayin zafi da kuma ba zai iya zama mafi girma daga 100%.

Bugu da ƙari, wannan dangantaka ta sa daya ya tabbatar da cewa yadda ya dace da zafi injuna na iya zama daidai da hadin kai ne kawai a lokacin da firiji cikakkar sifili zazzabi. Kamar yadda aka sani, wannan darajar ne unattainable.

Irfanin lissafin Carnot damar domin sanin matsakaicin yadda ya dace da wani zafi engine na wani zane.

Tabbatattun Carnot ta Theorem ne kamar haka. Hanawa zafi engine karkashin wani yanayi iya samun dace fi guda dabi'u na wani manufa zafi engine yadda ya dace.

Wani misali na warware matsaloli

MISALI 1. Abin da ya dace da wani manufa zafi engine, a lokacin da hita zafin jiki ne 800 C da kuma yawan zafin jiki ^na firiji 500 ^C kasa?

T ₁ = 800 ^{° C} = 1073 K, ΔT = 500 ^{° C} = 500 K, η -?

bayani:

By definition: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

Sun ba da zazzabi da firiji, amma ΔT = (T ₁ - T _2), Saboda haka:

η = ΔT / T ₁ = 500 K / 1073K = 0,46.

Amsa: dace = 46%.

Misali 2. Ƙayyade da yadda ya dace da wani manufa zafi engine, idan saboda da makamashi samu daya kilojoules hita yi amfani aiki 650 J. Mene ne zafin jiki na hita zafi engine idan coolant zazzabi -. 400 K?

Q ₁ = 1 KJ = 1000 J A = 650 J, T ₂ = 400 K, η - ?, T ₁ =?

bayani:

A wannan aiki, shi ne mai thermal da kafuwa, ya dace da wanda za a iya lasafta ta da dabara:

η = A / Q _1.

Don sanin zafin jiki na hita yin amfani da dabara yadda ya dace da wani manufa zafi engine:

η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Yin ilmin lissafi rikirkida, mun samu:

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- η).

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- A / Q _1).

Mun lissafta:

η = 650 J / 1000 J = 0,65.

T = 400 K ₁ / (1- 650 J / 1000 J) = 1142.8 K.

Amsa: η = 65%, T ₁ = 1142.8 K.

ainihin yanayin

An manufa zafi engine tsara tare da manufa tafiyar matakai. A aikin da aka yi ne kawai a isothermal tafiyar matakai, shi yana a tsare a matsayin yanki a daure da jadawali na Carnot sake zagayowar.

A gaskiya ma, don ƙirƙirar da yanayi na kwarara daga gas matsayi canje-canje a cikin tsari, ba tare da rakiyar canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki ba zai iya zama. Babu wannan kayan, wanda zai ware da zafi musayar tare da abubuwan dake kewaye. Adiabatic aiwatar zama ba zai yiwu ba a gudanar da wani. A cikin hali na zafi musayar gas zafin jiki dole ne dole canza.

Yadda ya dace da thermal inji halitta a real yanayi bambanta muhimmanci daga manufa yadda ya dace da injuna. Ka lura da cewa da ya kwarara daga matakai a real injuna ya faru don haka da sauri da cewa bambancin da ciki thermal makamashi na aiki abu a cikin tsari na canza ta girma ba za a iya cika da ambaliya zafi yawa na da hita, kuma mai sanyaya sama.

Sauran zafi injuna

Real injuna aiki a kan daban-daban hawan keke:

• Otto sake zagayowar m girma aiwatar da adiabatic canji, samar da wata rufaffiyar madauki.
• Diesel sake zagayowar isobar, adiabatic, isochore, adiabatic.
• a gas injin turbin: aiwatar da ke faruwa a gaba da matsa lamba, adiabatic maye gurbin rufe madauki.

Create an ma'auni matakai a real injuna (su kawo su kusa da manufa) a hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani ne ba zai yiwu. Yadda ya dace da zafi injuna ne muhimmanci ƙananan, har ma da guda zazzabi yanayi kamar yadda a cikin manufa zafi saitin.

Amma ba lallai ba ne don rage rawa lissafi dabara yadda ya dace da Carnot sake zagayowar, kamar yadda shi ne, shi ya zama mai tunani batu a cikin tsari don inganta yadda ya dace da real injuna.

Hanyoyi canza dace

Ta hanyar kwatanta manufa da kuma ainihin kadan injuna, ya kamata a lura da cewa na karshe zafin jiki na firiji ba zai iya zama sabani. Yawancin lokaci firiji yi imani da yanayi. Don dauki zazzabi da yanayi iya kawai m lissafin. Experience ya nuna cewa coolant zafin jiki ne shaye gas a injuna, kamar yadda ya faru a ciki konewa injuna (rage tsawon as DVS).

DIC - ya fi na kowa a cikin duniya na zafi engine. Yadda ya dace zafi engine a cikin wannan hali ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki halitta da kona man fetur. A muhimmanci bambanci daga DIC tururi injuna ne Fusion hita ayyuka da kuma aiki da na'urar jiki a wani iska-man fetur cakuda. Burning cakuda halitta matsa lamba a kan motsi sassa na engine.

Kiwon da aiki gas da zazzabi aka samu, muhimmanci canza kaddarorin da man fetur. Abin baƙin ciki, ba shi yiwuwa a yi ba tare da iyaka ba. Duk wani abu na yi na engine konewa jam'iyya na da narkewa batu. A thermal juriya da irin kayan da - ainihin halayyar da engine, kazalika da muhimmanci shafar yadda ya dace.

Dabi'u engine dace

Idan muka yi la'akari da tururi inji mai farfela, da yawan zafin jiki na aiki tururi mashiga wadda ke daidai da 800 K, da kuma shaye gas - 300 K, da yadda ya dace da inji shi ne daidai 62%. A gaskiya, duk da haka, wannan darajar ba ya wuce 40%. Wannan rage auku saboda zafin rana asara a lokacin dumama injin turbin gidaje.

A mafi darajar da yadda ya dace da ciki konewa injuna bai wuce 44%. Kara wannan darajar - tambaya na nan gaba. Canza Properties na kayan, man fetur - wannan shi ne matsala a kan wanda ma'aikata mafi kyau zukatan mutane.