Da kaddarorin carbohydrates. The ayyuka da kuma kaddarorin carbohydrates: tebur

A namun dajin ne na kowa, da yawa abubuwa, da muhimmancin da iya wuya a overestimated. Alal misali, wadannan sun hada da carbohydrates. Suna da tsananin muhimmanci a matsayin makamashi Madogararsa ga dabbobi da mutane, da kuma wasu kaddarorin carbohydrates sanya su wata makawa albarkatun kasa ga masana'antu.

Mene ne wannan?

Wannan duk abubuwa tsarin wanda za a iya bayyana ta da dabara CN _(H2O) m. Su na babban nazarin halittu muhimmancin, wasa muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar masu rai.

Sunan wannan kungiya na masana kimiyya sun zo up bayan na farko da bincike na da abubuwa da aka sanya da cewa shi ya ƙunshi. Sai aka gano cewa, su main aka gyara su ne carbon da ruwa. Daga baya an gano cewa suna da ya juya a kira su musamman madaidaici, tun da kaddarorin carbohydrate irin wannan cewa rabo na hydrogen da oxygen kwayoyin halitta a cikinta ne gaba daya m ga cewa a ruwa. Kawai ya bayyana, akwai daya oxygen, biyu hydrogen atoms. A karo na farko da Rasha version of sunan da aka samarwa a 1844 da Farfesa K. Schmidt.

wasu add-kan

Idan kadan musanyãwa ga sama dabara, sabawa «n» na baka, da magana zai kasance a bit daban-daban: Duba (H ₂ Ya) n. Watakila, ba zai zama mafi alhẽri nuna jigon "kwal - ruwa" sunan.

Don kwanan wata, masana kimiyya sun daidaita cewa akwai wani yawan abubuwa da suke da kaddarorin carbohydrates, amma ba quite dace da dabara aka bayyana ta da mu. Kuma saboda a waje adabi daya iya sau da yawa zo fadin kalmar "glycidyl" wanda yake shi ne mai zamani dangantawa ga 1844, wanda ya ba quite m.

sauki rarrabuwa

Duk da babbar aji na kayan za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu: sauki da kuma hadadden glycidyl. Mene ne Properties na carbohydrates cewa faruwa a gare su? A gaskiya, su ma ba su sosai rikitarwa:

• Simple abubuwa ne wadanda na kungiyar wanda ba amenable ga hydrolysis da consequent samuwar wasu carbohydrates. Babban bambancin shi ne cewa yawan oxygen kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin har yanzu irin wannan yawan carbon atoms. Su kira monosaccharides.
• Haka kuma, da definition "hadaddun" ya hada da dukan waɗanda glycidyl wanda decompose da hydrolysis samar da wata jam'i na sauki carbohydrates. Hakika, suna da rabo daga oxygen kwayoyin zarra da carbon variously. Sun kira a disaccharide. A sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayi na wasa ne hadaddun carbohydrates, jerin wanda muka partially yanzu a cikin labarin.

Bugu da kari, akwai wani rarrabuwa, a cikin abin da carbohydrates kasu kashi uku iri. A nan su ne:

• Monosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides.

Wadannan tebur carbohydrates, lalle zã su taimake ka ka magance su manyan bambance-bambance.

mono- (Kwayar Komayya 1)	oligo (<10 kwayoyin)	poly- (> 10 kwayoyin)
Aldose, ketose	Yana kawai bai hada da disaccharides, trisaccharides, da sauransu. D.	Akwai iri biyu: Gomopolisaharidy. Heteropolysaccharides. Daga cikin sunan za ka iya fahimtar cewa ciki kwayoyin tsarin da wadannan biyu jinsin su ne quite daban-daban

Hakika, muna da wani gajeren tebur na carbohydrates da aka nuna, amma da ikon yinsa ne kawai zai yiwu ba don shige duk takamaiman siffofin da suke da peculiar zuwa wasu membobin wannan m aji. Saboda haka muka bincika babban kungiyoyin kowane dabam a fadada a kan wasu daga cikin kaddarorin da mutum, da ya fi na kowa abubuwa. Saboda haka, abin da suke carbohydrates azuzuwan?

monosaccharides

Ka tuna cewa duk su kasance a cikin category na daskararru, sauƙi iya wuce a cikin crystalline jihar. Suna da tsananin hygroscopic, da narkewa a cikin ruwa don samar da wata syrup. Zabi su a cikin nau'i na lu'ulu'u, akwai wuya sosai. Su mafita da tsaka tsaki dauki, sau da yawa sweetish dandano. Ku ɗanɗani tsanani ne daban-daban: misali, fructose kamar 3-3.5 sau zaƙi mafi m glucose.

A kan tsarin fom

Dukkan wadannan abubuwa - a fili na bifunctional tsarin, da abun da ke ciki na wanda dole ya hada da carbon kwarangwal, a carbonyl kungiyar da kuma da dama hydroxyl. Idan rawar da carbonyl kungiyar abubuwa aldehyde kungiyar, wani abu da ake kira aldose. Haka kuma, a cikin hali na ketone "wutsiya", an kira ketose.

Tun da yanayin wadannan abubuwa su ne musamman na kowa, su za a iya samu duka a cikin free jihar, kuma a cikin nau'i na anhydrite siffofin. A general, kusan duk hadaddun carbohydrates a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri, suna anhydrides na sauki sugars, wanda ake quite kawai samu ta hanyar shan tafi a 'yan (ko daya) na ruwa da kwayoyin (da prefix "en" - babu).

Glucose ne mafi hankula wakilin

Da dabara na mafi hankula wakilin kungiyar - C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã _6. Very sau da yawa akwai wadannan carbohydrates a shuka Kwayoyin. Ya ba kawai tartsatsi, amma kuma da muhimmanci sosai ga jiki, saboda yana da babban tushen samar da makamashi domin shi (magana a kan dabbobi, da mutum, ba shakka). A ka'ida, waɗannan su ne janar Properties na sunadarai, carbohydrates da fats ga duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Haka kuma an yi amfani da ko'ina a magani, dabbobi magani, masana'antu (ciki har da abinci).

jiki Properties

Mene ne janar jiki Properties na carbohydrates a cikin wannan kungiya? Bayyanar - fari lafiya lu'ulu'u, sweetish dandano, readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Solubility ƙaruwa da cika fuska idan reheat bayani: a cikin wannan hanya da glucose syrup.

Brief bayanai a kan sinadaran tsarin

Idan ka duba a mikakke dabara, da abun da ke ciki na wannan carbohydrate ne a fili a bayyane daya aldehyde da biyar hydroxyl kungiyoyin. Lokacin da abu ne a cikin crystalline jihar, ta kwayoyin iya zama a daya daga biyu yiwu siffofin (α- ko β-glucose). Gaskiyar cewa hydroxyl kungiyar ne guda biyu zuwa biyar carbon zarra, za a iya mayar da martani tare da wani carbonyl moiety.

Yaduwar a cikin daji

Tun da ta sosai a ruwan tonis, glucose ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin "innabi sugar". A karkashin wannan sunan shi ne har yanzu da aka sani da kakanninmu. Duk da haka, shi ne zai yiwu a sami a wani zaki da 'ya'yan itatuwa, ko kayan lambu, a cikin taushi tsokoki da shuka. A dabba duniya, ta ruwan dare ne ba ƙananan: game da 0.1% na mu jini - wannan shi ne glucose. Bugu da kari, za ka iya samun wadannan carbohydrates a cikin cell kusan duk wani ciki sashin jiki. Amma musamman mai yawa daga gare su, a cikin hanta, tun da cewa shi ne inda aiki ne da za'ayi glucose cikin glycogen.

Yana (kamar yadda muka riga ce) ne mai muhimmanci da tushen samar da makamashi ga jikin mu, shi ne wani ɓangare na kusan dukan hadaddun carbohydrates. Kazalika da sauran sauki carbohydrates, a yanayi shi ya auku bayan photosynthesis dauki cewa daukan wuri na musamman a cikin kwayoyin jikinsu na shuka kwayoyin:

6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ Ya chlorophyll C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ + 6D ₂ - Q

Tsire-tsire kamar haka yin wani wuce yarda da muhimmanci ga aikin na Muciya, tara makamashi, wanda aka samu ta hanyar su daga rana. Game da m yanayi, innabi sugar tun zamanin da samu daga sitaci hydrolysis samar da shi, a cikinsa wani dauki kara kuzari da aka mayar da hankali sulfuric acid:

(C ₆ H ₁₀ Yã ₅₎ n + NH ₂ Ya H ₂ SO _4, t NC ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆

sinadaran Properties

Mene ne sinadaran Properties na carbohydrates na da irin wannan? Yana da dukan wannan fasali da cewa su ne muhimmi a cikin wani zalla alcohols da aldehydes. Bugu da kari, akwai da wasu takamaiman fasali. Da farko kira na sauki carbohydrates (ciki har da glucose) da aka samar da mafi talented sunadarai A. M. Butlerovym a 1861 shekara, kuma a matsayin albarkatun kasa da shi da ake amfani da formaldehyde, tsagawa da shi a gaban alli hydroxide. A nan ne dabara da wannan tsari:

6NSON -------> S6N ₁₂ Yã ₆

Kuma yanzu dubi wasu daga cikin kaddarorin da sauran biyu mambobi ne na kungiyar, da na halitta ma'anar wanda yake shi ne ba kasa mai girma, kuma saboda su nazarin ilmin halitta. Carbohydrates wadannan jinsunan wasa mai da muhimmanci sosai rawa a rayuwarmu ta kullum.

fructose

Da dabara na wannan isomer na glucose - Sep _12, Ya _v. Kamar "progenitor" iya zama a mikakke kuma cyclic form. Ya zo a cikin dukkan halayen da suke da halayyar da polyhydric alcohols, amma, ta haka ne dabam-dabam daga glucose, shi ba ya amsa tare da wani ammoniacal bayani na azurfa oxide.

ribose

Musamman high amfani ribose da deoxyribose. Idan ka tuna kadan ilmin halitta shirin, da kuma sani sosai cewa, wadannan carbohydrates a cikin jiki wani bangare ne na DNA da RNA, ba tare da abin da sosai samuwar halittu masu rai a wannan duniyar tamu yiwu. Sunan "deoxyribose" yana nufin cewa ta kwayoyin akalla daya oxygen zarra (idan aka kwatanta da ta al'ada ribose). Da yake irin wannan a cikin wannan girmamawa ga glucose, kuma iya samun mikakke kuma wani cyclic tsarin.

disaccharides

A ka'ida, wadannan abubuwa a cikin sifa da ayyuka sun fi mayar da maimaita baya aji, amma saboda shi ya sa hankalta su zauna a kan wannan a cikin mafi daki-daki. Mene ne sinadaran Properties na carbohydrates a cikin wannan kungiya? A mafi muhimmanci wakilan da iyali ne sucrose, maltose da lactose. Dukan su za a iya bayyana ta da dabara C ₁₂ H ₂₂ Ya _11, kamar yadda suke da isomers, amma wannan ba ya negate sararin bambance-bambance cikin tsarin. To, abin da suke hankula hadaddun carbohydrates, a jerin da kuma bayanin abin da za ka iya gani a kasa?

saccharose

Its kwayoyin da aka hada biyu hawan keke nan da nan: daya shi ne wani shida-membered (α-glucose saura) da kuma sauran - mai biyar-membered (β-fructose saura). Ta haɗa duk wannan shiri na glycoside hydroxyl glucose.

Shiri kuma total darajar

Bisa ga kiyaye tarihi data, har ma ga karnuka uku kafin Almasihu sugar daga rake koya yadda za a samu a Ancient India. Kawai a cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th ya juya daga cewa mai yawa fiye da na sucrose kasa ga wannan} o} arin za a iya cirewa daga sugar beets. A wasu iri shi ya ƙunshi har zuwa 22% na carbohydrate, yayin da Reed abun ciki na iya zama cikin 26%, amma wannan shi ne zai yiwu ne kawai a karkashin manufa girma yanayi da kuma m sauyin yanayi.

Mun riga ya bayyana cewa, carbohydrates ne readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Ya dogara ne a kan wannan manufa domin samun sucrose lokacin amfani da wannan manufa na'urorin, diffusers. Zai yiwu impurities zuwa precipitate, bayani da aka tace ta hanyar tace da suka hada da lemun tsami. Don cire daga cikin sakamakon bayani na alli hydroxide, an wuce ta hanyar al'ada carbon dioxide. A precipitate da aka tace, da kuma sukari syrup da aka evaporated a musamman Tanderu, samar da gwaggwabar riba riga ya saba da sukari.

lactose

Wannan carbohydrate da aka saki a cikin wani m yanayi daga talakawa madara, a cikin abin da dauke a wuce haddi fats da kuma carbohydrates. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa da sallama mai yawa: misali, saniya ta madara ƙunshi game 4-5.5% na lactose a cikin madara na mata da kuma ta girma sulusi da murabba'i kai 5,5-8,4%.

Kowane kwayoyin na glycidol kunshi sharan 3 da kuma wani galactose-glucose pyranose form, wanda ya samar da wani dangane da farko da kuma na huɗu carbon zarra.

Ba kamar sauran sugars a lactose yana daya kwarai dukiya. Shi ne game da cikakken rashi na ruwa sha, sabõda haka, har ma a wani gumi yanayi da cewa glycine bai dampen. Wannan dukiya ne yadu a yi amfani da Pharmaceutical masana'antu: idan wani ɓangare na miyagun ƙwayoyi a foda siffan wani ɓangare na wani al'ada sucrose, shi ne shi dole don ƙara lactose. Yana da cikakken halitta da kuma m ga jikin mutum, sabanin mutane da yawa wucin gadi Additives cewa hana caking da kuma rigar. Mene ne ayyuka da kuma kaddarorin carbohydrates na da irin wannan?

Halittu lactose musamman muhimmanci, tun lactose ne mafi muhimmanci da sinadirai bangaren na madara dabbobi da mutane. Amma maltose, da kaddarorin ne ɗan daban-daban.

maltose

Yana da wani tsaka-tsaki samfurin wadda aka samu ta hanyar hydrolysis na sitaci. Sunan "maltose" ne saboda gaskiyar cewa, a da yawa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar malt (malt a Latin - maltum). Shin tartsatsi ba kawai a cikin shuke-shuke amma kuma a cikin dabbobi. A manyan yawa, samar a cikin narkewa kamar fili na dabbobi.

A sunadarai tsarin da kaddarorin

Wannan carbohydrate kwayoyin hada biyu α-glucose raka'a a pyranose tsari, wanda ake juna ta farko da ta huɗu carbon atoms. A bayyanar shi ne colorless, fari lu'ulu'u. A dandano - sweetish, da narkewa a cikin ruwa.

polysaccharides

Ya kamata a tuna cewa duk polysaccharides za a iya daukan daga ra'ayi cewa su ne kayayyakin da sandaro na monosaccharides. Su janar sinadaran dabara - (C _b H ₁₀ Yã ₅₎ n. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin sitaci kamar yadda shi ne mafi hankula wakilin iyali.

sitaci

Yana kafa a sakamakon photosynthesis, a cikin manyan yawa ajiye a cikin tushen da tsaba na shuka kwayoyin. Mene ne jiki Properties na carbohydrates na da irin wannan? A bayyanar shi ne wani fari foda da talauci pronounced crystallinity, insoluble a ruwan sanyi. A zafi ruwa Forms colloidal tsarin (manna, jelly). A narkewa kamar fili da dabbobi, akwai mutane da yawa enzymes cewa taimaka wajen hydrolyzed to glucose.

Ne mafi yawan halitta polymer, wanda aka kafa daga wani jam'i na a-glucose sharan. A yanayi, a lokaci guda akwai biyu siffofin: amylose da amshopektin. Amylose, kasancewa a mikakke polymer iya narkewa a cikin ruwa. Jigidar halittar kunshi alpha-glucose sharan wanda suna da nasaba ta hanyar farko da ta huɗu carbon zarra.

Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa wannan sitaci ne na farko a bayyane samfurin na photosynthesis a tsirrai. A alkama da wasu hatsi da shi ya ƙunshi har zuwa 60-80%, alhãli kuwa a dankali - kawai 15-20%. By hanyar magana, nufin sitaci hatsi karkashin madubin iya daidai ƙayyade da jinsunan shuke-shuke, domin su ne daban-daban.

Idan carbohydrate ne hanzari mai tsanani, shi ne mai babbar kwayoyin zai hanzari kaskantar zuwa karami polysaccharides wanda aka sani da suna dextrins. Su da sitaci kadai janar sinadaran dabara (C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₅₎ x, amma akwai bambanci a cikin darajar da m "x" shi ne kasa da darajar «n» a cikin sitaci.

A karshe mun gabatar da wani tebur, wanda ya nuna ba kawai babban azuzuwan na carbohydrates, amma kuma dũkiyõyinsu.

Babban kungiyoyin	Features na kwayoyin tsarin	Rarrabe Properties na carbohydrates
monosaccharides	Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin yawan carbon atoms: Triose (C 3) Tetroses (C4) Pentoses (C5) Hexose (C6)	Colorless ko fari lu'ulu'u, daidai narkewa a cikin ruwa, zaki da dandano
oligosaccharides	A hadaddun tsarin. Dangane da nau'in, dauke da 2-10 sharan na sauki sugars	Bayyanar da wannan, kadan kasa mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, kasa zaki da dandano
polysaccharides	Sun kunshi manya-manyan yawan monosaccharide sharan	White foda, crystalline tsari ne mai rauni, kada narke a cikin ruwa, amma da a da shi ikon kumbura. A dandano-tsaka tsaki

Wannan abin da ayyuka da kuma kaddarorin da babban azuzuwan na carbohydrates.