Janos Kadar. Biography Hungarian shugaban siyasa

Janos Kadar (shekaru na rayuwa - 1912-1989) - adadi ne shubuha. A Rasha reference books shi ne ake kira mai girma dattaku da kuma siyasa, shi ne karkashin mulkin Hungary kai gaban tattalin arziki. Sauran littattafan da akayi da shi a matsayin Stalinist, wanda ya zo ikon a kan bayonets na Soviet sojojin, da protege na Kremlin da Oganeza na kisa Imre Nadya, hambararren firaminista. Saboda haka wanda ya gaske da aka Kadar, aka bayar da Order "Hero na Tarayyar Soviet"? A wannan labarin, za mu yi kokarin fahimtar da rikitarwa biography.

yara

Janos Kadar aka haife May 26, 1912. Ya kasance cikin shege dan wata baiwa ta haifa Barboly Chemranek daga soja Janos Krezingera. Tun da aka haife shi a cikin ƙasa na Austro-Hungarian Empire, a birnin Fiume (yau Rijeka a Croatia), da rajista rubuta shi a karkashin sunan Dzhovanni Dzhuzeppe Chemranek. Da yaron ya shekara shida, mahaifiyarsa ta koma Budapest. A kasa makarantar firamare ya nuna m iyawa. Kamar yadda mafi kyau dalibi ya aka aika zuwa ilimi kyauta a cikin mafi girma birni makaranta. Duk da haka, da kudi da halin da ake ciki a cikin iyali ya tukuru. Janos Chemranek goma sha huɗu ya jefa da ilimi da kuma hayar laborer a bugu latsa. Kamar yadda wadannan iya sauti m, amma jam'iyyar kwaminis kawo shi ... chess. Sun Janos sosai m wannan wasan. Wata rana ya faru da ya lashe a dara gasar. A matsayin kyauta, ya aka bai wa littãfi da Engels 'Anti-Duhring'. Wannan aikin, a cikin kalmomi na Chemraneka gaba daya ya juya, ya tuna.

Sadarwa da Markisanci

A cikin dara gasar Janos Kadar lashe a 1928, sa'ad da yake kawai shekara goma sha shida. An Brewing mai tsanani da kuma manyan sikelin-rikicin a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. A farkon ji tabarbarewar ma'aikata a Hakkin kuma rayuwar. Sun makaniki bugu latsa taimaka wajen shirya wani yunkri haduwa da yajin. The gwamnatin gilla suppressed wannan zanga-zanga da ma'aikata, da kuma da yawa gwarazansa Chemraneka da aka kama. A 1930, bugu gidan da aka rufe saboda da rikicin. Tun da m Chemranek, Ribar fi antagonistic zuwa aji na exploiters, ya zo a cikin lamba tare da rata yayin da jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Hungary. A shekarar 1931 ya shiga cikin Komsomol tantanin halitta su. Sverdlov kuma dauki boye sunan barkwanci Barna (Brown). Tuni a cikin May 1933 ya zama memba na kwamitin matasa reshe na jam'iyyar kwaminis a Budapest. Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka kariminci a] en da kungiyar, gayyace shi zuwa karatu a Jami'ar Moscow, amma matasa Komsomol ƙiya.

Yakin duniya na II

Janos Kadar, wanda biography ne daga yanzu hankali lauye da siyasa, kamar gaskiya Stalinist da kõme daga Tarayyar Soviet da Nazi Jamus. A lokacin da ya riga ya canza jam'iyyar kwaminis, shiga a shekarar 1935 a cikin sahu na Social Democrats. Akwai ya kuma sanya aiki da jagoranci cell SDPH. A gaskiya ma, cikin dukan yaki ya da wani m memba na Czechoslovak "adawa", amma akwai wani musamman aiki da aka ba tsunduma. Bayan shekaru kwaminisanci farfaganda watsa bayanai, da ya halitta wani antifascist Hungarian Front, amma ba aiki da wannan shiri ba gyarawa. A farkon forties ya canza, da kuma Social Democrats, sake rubuta a cikin kwaro kwamitin jam'iyyar kwaminis na Hungary. Sa'an nan, a laifin aiki ya kashe: a 1942 ya kasance wani memba na kwamitin tsakiya, da kuma a 1943 - sakataren CPV kwamitin tsakiya.

Career a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

A Afrilu 1944 Yanosh Kadar, aka kama a Serbia for yi ƙaura. Ya gudanar ya tsere. Sun gudu, sai ya ɗauki wani sunan - Kadar (Cooper), wanda yanzu ya zama sunansa. A watan Afrilu 1964 da nan Soviet jagoranci a wani ƙoƙari na sa ally "fice jirgin saman soja da farkisanci", ya aka bayar da lakabi na Hero na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma bayar da mafi fice a lokacin da lambar yabo - da Order of Lenin , kuma ya samu lambar "Gold Star". Lokacin da Hungary da aka sami 'yanci daga mulkin fasist, Kadar, a lokacin riga NKVD wakili, an zabe shi a majalisar dokokin wucin gadi da kuma memba na ofishin siyasa na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis (CPSU). Tun daga nan, ya aiki cikin sauri suka tafi. A shekarar 1946 ya zama mataimakin babban sakatare na CPSU. A lokaci guda, daga shekarar 1945 zuwa 1948, ya hidima a matsayin sakataren birnin kwamitin babban birnin kasar. A karshe, a watan Agusta 1948, ya aka nada shi Ministan harkokin. A wannan rawa, ya qaddamar da kame Laszlo Rajko, zargin da shi na anti-Soviet ayyukan. Zama m takala Matthias Stalinist Rakosi, Kadar aka cire daga ofishin da kuma ya zama wani fursuna na taro sansanin. Don yanci, ya aka saki kawai a 1956.

Janos Kadar: siyasa gurguzu gwamnatin

Duk da yake a Hungary Brewing damunsu da Soviet model da harkokin mulki. memba na gwamnatin Imre Nadya rayayye ciyar hadin gwiwa tare da kwadago, da a saki fursunonin siyasa, da yarjejeniyoyin da katsalandan. Janos Kadar a farko zuwa cikakken goyon baya a fannin siyasa Hakika, har ma ya ce ya za a daina jikinsa farko Rasha tank cewa crosses iyakar Hungary. Saboda haka, ya sauri sanya wani aiki, da kuma Oktoba 30, 1956 ya aka nada shi Ministan a cikin hukuma, karkashin jagorancin Nadia. Amma da farko na Nuwamba Kadar tsere daga Hungary a Uzhgorod gana da Nikitoy Hruschevym, wanda ya ba da shi a nuna qarara na samuwar da gwamnatin, sarrafawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Mako guda baya, sabon shugaban Soviet tankuna koma zuwa Budapest.

A zamanin "goulash kwaminisanci"

Nuwamba 8, 1956 Kadar sanar da usurpation na iko. Nagy da kuma sahabbansa suka nemi mafaka, a cikin ƙasa na {asar Yugoslavia, ofishin jakadancin. Kadar yi wa'adi da tsohon abokan aiki cikakken gafara. Amma lokacin da Nadia bar ofishin jakadancin, ya aka kama shi kuma kashe bayan shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, Janos Kadar, wani photo na wanda har yanzu na girmama mazan ƙarni na Hungarians, ya gwani siyasa. A cikin mahallin da Prague Spring , ya ya iya matsi daga manyan abokin tarayya, Tarayyar Soviet, matsakaicin amfani ga kasar. Cheap Soviet gas da kuma walwalar da tattalin arziki, Hungary na bude ga masu yawon shakatawa daga jari hujja kungiyar sun sanya kasar fiye ko žasa m. A zamanin "goulash kwaminisanci" ya ƙare ko kafin rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. Tuni a cikin May 1988, Kadar aka cire, da kuma a shekara daga baya, da na shidansu Yuli, rasu.