Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: taimako ga ilmin halitta. Ribobi da fursunoni na Lamarck ka'idar

A farko da cikakken ka'idar juyin halitta samarwa da Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Taimako ga masana kimiyyar halitta dangane da ra'ayoyi da kuma ka'idojin da cewa riga ya wanzu a tsarar masana kimiyya na lokaci. A mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu shi ne ra'ayin scala naturae, kazalika da ra'ayin cewa jinsin iya bambanta a daban-daban yanayin.

Scala naturae, «babbar sarƙa na kasancewa" baya ga Aristotle, kuma tabbas ga farkon lokaci. Yana da wani matsayi rarrabuwa tsarin, kasan wanda akwai protozoa, kuma a saman - mafi wuya.

Ideas game da canza nau'in a cikin farkon karni na 19th sun quite na kowa - ba su zama nasara Lamarck. Alal misali, Buffon, ya shawarta, ya bayyana nasa ra'ayi a kan batun, ko da yake sun kasance duk sosai m.

Way to ilmin halitta

Lamarck ya ƙayayuwa hanyar kimiyya, dogon lokaci hidima a cikin sojojin, da kuma na tsawon shekaru hudu ya yi karatu magani, da farko wa dissuaded shi. Ya zama wani dalibi da wani abu na Faransa halittu Bernard de Jussieu, mayar da hankali a kan o, kuma a shekarar 1978 ya wallafa wani uku-girma tarin Faransa Flora, wanda ya m isa ya jawo hankalin hankalin Buffon, wanda ya dauki shi a karkashin reshe da kuma kulla wani wuri, a Faransa Academy of Sciences da Royal Botanic gidãjen Aljanna, . Bayan Faransa juyin juya halin a 1793 da gidãjen Aljanna aka canza kama zuwa da National Museum of Natural History, inda Lamarck aka ciyar da su farfesa kwaro (duk da cewa shi ba ya sana'a), wanda ya gudanar da har mutuwarsa.

The isa yabo na Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ta ka'idar juyin halitta a cikin ilmin halitta da ba su iyakance. Da yawa daga cikin nasarori da ake dauka domin ba - da kalmar "nazarin halittun" ne ya firtsi, kazalika din category "vertabrate", "kwaro", "kwari", "sulke", "gizogizo", "echinoderms", "annelids".

A koyarwar Jean-Baptiste Lamarck aka bayyana a cikin uku wallafe. Ya zama sha'awar a cikin juyin halitta daga kasawa a cikin Museum of Natural History tarin m kuma na zamani mollusks Bruguière, baya tsaron sashen na invertebrate farfado. Lamarck lura cewa su ne irin wannan, da kuma ta jinkirta su rarraba a lokaci, iya gano a kai tsaye line daga cikin tsofaffin ga sabuwar model. Wannan ya sa wasu tunani cewa ya gabatar da littafin a 1801, "Research kungiyar rayuwa a jikinsu."

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: taimako ga ilmin halitta

Amma hakikanin bayani na bayani na ci gaba bayyana a cikin manyan aikin a 1809, da makamantansu, "The falsafar ilmin dabbobi". A 1815 na farko girma na littafi "The Natural History of kwaro", wanda kuma shaci ideas na Lamarck.

A ra'ayi na "babban sarkar" ya zama mafificin dutsen gini na Lamarckian. Amma sai ya tafi kara fiye da Sahaban, kokarin gaskata ta inji, kuma ba kai ga kansa domin ba. Ya nuna cewa dabbobi rai ya ƙunshi ginanniyar ikon, wani m quality ne mafi zama hadaddun, wanda zai bayyana gaban da na halitta matsayi rarrabuwa. Wannan ba za a iya kwatanta matsayin hawa matakala, da kuma yadda motsi na escalator.

Amma to, akwai da classic creationist shaida: idan muka samo asali ne daga birrai, me ya sa ake birai har yanzu wanzu? The bayani ta'allaka ne da cewa Biogenesis - da samuwar wani sabon rai - faruwa duk lokaci. A wasu kalmomin, akwai mutane da yawa escalators (daya ga kowane category of Life), kowanne daga abin da ta farawa. Mutane ne mafi tsufa kwayoyin da tsutsotsi - da sabuwar.

Amma akwai wani matsala na biyu. The matsayi rarrabuwa kamar "tsutsotsi, kifi, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, mannyan birai, mutumin," misali, da cat bai yi aiki ba. A wannan matakin na da matsayi da shi ya zama wani m motsa jiki, da kuma a nan babu ne ya fi shahara na Lamarckian: gādon samu halaye. A ra'ayi ne mai sauki.

Giraffe zaune a Savannah tare da tsayi itatuwa. Wannan yanã a "bukatar" a cikin raƙumin dawa, kuma ya canjãwa da hali to isa mafi girma rassan. A cewar Lamarck, da ƙarin amfani da wuyansa zai haifar da girma saboda da ƙara ya kwarara daga "m m". A sabon Jihar wuyansa ne ya samu halayyar, kuma shi za a iya daukar kwayar cutar zuwa zuriya, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa muna magana ne game da gādon samu halaye.

A gãnãwa, kuma gaskiya ne: idan jiki ba amfani, da ruwa mai gudãna ta hanyar shi ne karami, kuma shi atrophies. Alal misali, ya bayyana dalilin da mazaunan kogwanni babu idanu.

Gādon samu halaye

Wani misali - Webbing tsakanin yatsunsu na da yawa na cikin ruwa dabbobi kamar frogs, kunkuru, otters da beavers. Don iyo a cikin dabbobi akwai bukatar a tura ruwa da ta zo ta hanyar wata matattarar, sakamakon su samun karin "m m", kamar yadda na yi tunani Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Taimako zuwa Biology masanin kimiyyar hada da asali ra'ayi na gado na samu halaye. Wannan ya ba da samu na physiological ( "m m" bai taba aka samu). Shi ne mai zalla naturalistic da mechanistic view, wanda a lokacin juya a kira su da wani mai neman sauyi. Babu bukatar Allah a matsayin shugaban juyin halitta. A ra'ayi kuma shi ne a rashin daidaito tare da ra'ayin cewa kwayoyin iya kawai a canza a wani hanya.

Kamar haka, akwai muhimman abubuwa biyu Lamarckian manufa. Na farko shi ne ra'ayin da wata halitta, mikakke ci gaba a kan sikelin da wahala. Duk da haka, da hanya zuwa kammala ne musamman tortuous: kwayoyin daidaita gida yanayi, sakamakon wani iri-iri siffofi ko da a wannan matakin na mawuyaci.

Sanin abin da wani Lamarckian iya kafofin yada kimanta da ribobi da fursunoni na Jean-Baptiste Lamarck a matsayin mai bincike tare da wani zamani ra'ayi.

Duk wani masanin falsafa na kimiyya zai ce cewa kafa da dama a raga da kyau-tsare tambayoyi sa up rabin bincike a fannin kimiyya. Shi ne a cikin wannan girmamawa, da kuma zira kwallaye da Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: gudunmawarsa ga kimiyya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa ya gane da hudu babban matsaloli na halitta tarihi a lokacin:

1. Me m siffofin bambanta daga suke dashi?
2. Me wasu kwayoyin ne mafi wuya fiye da wasu?
3. Me ya sa ake irin wannan iri-iri?
4. Me kwayoyin suna da kyau saba da su yanayi?

Fursunoni Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ta'allaka ne da cewa ya kasa samar da wani dace bayani, albeit ba su laifi. Duk a inda zai daina a kan wani irin sa na ideas, maimakon zabin yanayi ko maye gurbi.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: ka'idar kurakurai

Lamarck jãyayya da cewa burbushin siffofin ne daban-daban, domin lalle ne su, kamar yadda hawa escalator juyin halitta, maye gurbinsu da more hadaddun. Yanzu mun san cewa burbushin siffofin kasance a sassa daban daban na phylogeny, sabili da haka daban-daban.

Akwai babu irin wannan abu a matsayin sikelin da ganewar da. Complex siffofin faruwa a wasu halittun a sakamakon su musamman hali. A mafi misali na rikitaccen - kwayar - shi ne na musamman da kuma ba da sakamakon A na kowa Trend.

Iri-iri ba protrude daga gudana Biogenesis. Duk abin da maki to kawai tushen rai. A iri-iri ne sakamakon kebantaccen.

Babu irin wannan abu a matsayin "m m". Kwayoyin aka saba da su yanayi, kamar yadda suka shige ta cikin inexorable dutsen niƙa zabin yanayi.

A zabin halitta ', kamar yadda aka fahimci yau, shi ne a dauki la'akari ga daukacin jama'ar na rakumin dawa da sãɓãwar launukansa wuyansa size. Wadanda tare da ƙara wuyansa iya isa mafi girma rassan bishiyoyi, kuma haka sami damar zuwa mafi abinci. Wannan ya ba su karin ikon da amfani a haifuwa, wanda a cikin dogon gudu gubar da samar da wani ya fi girma yawan zuriyarsa. Idan muka ɗauka a kayyade akai wuyansa tsawon, sa'an nan, mafi m, shi za a haifi wani dogon-kai zuriyarsa da cewa domin da yawa maye gurbin korotkosheee.

A Lamarckian Giraffe dole isa mafi girma itatuwa, kuma a wuyansa aka tsawo, kuma shi yana daukar kwayar cutar zuwa zuriya.

Yanzu da bayyane shirme kawai na biyu ka'idar da tsakiya, wanda aka halitta da Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Amfani maye gurbi - banda maimakon mulkin

Gudunmawar da masanin kimiyyar - da ra'ayin ci gaba a kan sikelin da wahala - kuma ba a tabbatar ko da a matakin kwayoyin. Motu Kimura da Tomoko Ohta, kafa rinjaye a yau da kuma okoloneytralnoy tsaka tsaki ka'idar juyin halittar kwayoyin sun nuna cewa maye gurbi a cikin mafi yawan masu tsaka tsaki - ba su da wani tasiri a kan adaptability da kwayoyin. Sannan mahanga ta biyu riqe da cewa da yawa daga tsaka tsaki maye gurbi zai yi tasiri ne ma kananan zama gaske m. Sauran maye gurbi ne cutarwa, da kuma kawai karamin yawan su ne ainihin amfani.

Idan akwai aka fated line motsi zuwa kammala, dukkan maye gurbi zai zama da amfani ba, amma shi ba da goyan bayan hujja.

Saboda haka, ba manufar Lamarck aka ba tabbatar.

Da dama, ga tauhidin

A ra'ayin na "m ruwaye" ya ba tartsatsi, don haka Lamarckian juyin halitta kuma ya kalubalanci ga zance a matsayin aikin na Darwin ta "Origin of Species" ba a yi nasara da duniya. Darwin ya nuna gaskiyar juyin halitta. Duk da haka, ya kasa shawo kowa da kowa a cikin zabin yanayi.

A ra'ayin na gaji samu halaye, wanda ya yi amfani da ko da Darwin, ya zama fadan da Lamarckism, kazalika da yawan theories da ya tashi a cikin 'yan adawa da zabin yanayi. sa'an nan Lamarckism matsayin dukan lashe ka'idar Darwin a tsarar masana kimiyya. Kalam, wanda rabin karni da suka wuce yamar Lamarckism, yanzu cikakken yarda da shi kawai saboda mataki na "m m" za a iya sauƙi dangana ga m abin bautãwa, m kayayyaki zuwa daidaita zuwa ga muhalli, shi ya juya ga zama mafi m fiye da "randomness" zabin yanayi.

A shekarar 1900, Lamarckism da selectionism aka niƙa ta rediscovery kayyade maye gurbi da zuwan ka'idar.

M Lamarckism Lysenko

A Rasha ɓullo da daya daga cikin baki da surori a cikin tarihin ilmin halitta da kuma kimiyya a general: Lysenko. Trofim Lysenko wani mediocre malamin da babban siyasa tasiri, wanda ya yi amfani da hawa zuwa saman Soviet kimiyyar halitta, kuma ta 1930s ya zama shugaban Academy of Sciences aikin gona. A nan sai ya kama hanyoyin don gabatar da kansa akidar juyin halitta - "Michurin Hanyar", wani irin Lamarckism, kuma suka bi jinsi saba tare da wannan matsayi. Michurinizm ya zama "sabon nazarin halittun", wanda yana da kyau dace domin collectivization kamar yadda Mix siyasa da pseudoscience. Tare da Lysenko aka hukumance gama a shekarar 1964.

Epigenetics - sabon Lamarckism?

Saboda haka, a ka'idar, madadin da zabin yanayi, al'amarin da aka rufe. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2013, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, wanda taimako ga ilmin halitta - Lamarckism - ya gaza, a samu damar at fi. Sa'an nan da aikin da aka buga, bisa ga abin da beraye horar da su ji tsoron da wari daga acetophenone ya ba da wannan ikon da aka gada. New Scientist mujallar mai suna Tabbatarwa Lamarckian gādon samu halaye. Duk da haka, da sakamako dogara ne a kan epigenetics - canje-canje a cikin aikin kwayoyin halitta maimakon da kwayoyin halittu da kansu, wanda ya yi daidai da zabin yanayi. Saboda haka, koyarwar juyin Jean-Baptiste Lamarck iya sake a gyara.