Jihar al'amari

Jiki ko ta jiki Jihar al'amarin halin da takamaiman Properties karkashin takamaiman yanayi (matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki). Wannan shi ne, shi yana iya zama m, ruwa ko gaseous. Change na tara jihar abu yana sa wani canji a cikin jiki Properties (yawa, entropy, free makamashi). Duk da yake a cikin m jihar, shi ne iya kula da tsayayyen girma da kuma siffar. Juya zuwa ga ruwa a daya girma, canza siffar, adapting to da jirgin ruwa ko ganga. A matsayin gas, wannan abu bai riƙe ba kawai siffar amma kuma da adadin kamar yana faɗaɗa da kuma cika dukan sarari.

Alal misali, a Jihar tari na ruwa zai iya zama wani m, ruwa ko gaseous. A wannan sinadaran dabara (H2O) da kwayoyin (biyu hydrogen kwayoyin zarra da daya oxygen zarra) ba su canja. A yanayin zafi tsakanin 0 ° C da kuma ƙananan fiye da shi ne a cikin m jihar da ake kira kankara. Daga 0 ° C up to 99,944 ° C ne colorless (ga karami kundin) ya m ruwa, odorless kuma m. A zazzabi na 99.944 ° C wuce a cikin gaseous lokaci da ake kira da tururi. Wannan misali ya nuna cewa tara jihar na abu dabam tare da waje yanayi. A wannan yanayin, kusan babu canza yanayi matsa lamba, amma da yawan zafin jiki canje-canje, da kankara ya narke a 0 ° C, kuma ya jũya zuwa ga ruwa, da kuma cewa tafasa a 99,944 ° C da kuma evaporates, ya jũya a cikin tururi.

Ruwa za a iya ce wa jũna a cikin dũkiyarsu, kasancewa a daban-daban na jihohin tari. Ice yawa daidai 0,917 g / cm³, ruwa ruwa a misali yanayi na 0,9982 g / cm³, ruwa tururi (kuma a karkashin tuta yanayi) - kasa da 0,001 g / cm³. Dynamic danko na ruwa a cikin narkewa batu na kankara (ruwa daskarewa zafin jiki) ne daidai to: μ = 1.793 · 103 Pa · s kuma a 20 ° C tsauri danko ruwa ne: μ = 1.003 · 10ˉ³ Efes. Saboda haka, tara jihar na abu da kuma da kaddarorin bambanta a lokacin da zamani miƙa mulki. Wannan sauyin halin da narkewa batu (m al'amari zama ruwa) daidaita da crystallization zafin jiki (ruwa solidifies) da kuma tafasar (ruwa shiga gas) daidaita da sandaro zafin jiki (da gas zama ruwa).

Ya kamata a jaddada cewa, jihar na tari na wani abu dogara a kan abun da ke ciki. Alal misali, a karkashin m waje yanayi, daban-daban abubuwa bambanta a dũkiyõyinsu. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, ruwa H2O - shi ne wani ruwa. Hydrogen H2 da oxygen O2 - ne gas. Iron Fe - m (ta narkewa zafin jiki 1538,9 ° C, tafasar zafin jiki na 2860,9 ° C). Amma wanda kuma wannan jiha na tari for daban-daban abubuwa na iya samun wasu kamance.

Msl, don gas halin gwada da kananan sojojin na intermolecular hulda. Saboda haka, su kwayoyin rabu da juna a manyan nisa. A sakamakon gas za a iya matsa ƙwarai. Kwayoyin na gas da ake kullum motsi, da kuma motsi ne m. Wannan shi ne abin da ya bayyana da ikon na gaseous abubuwa cika dukan girma a ko'ina, sun bayar: gas dauki siffar da kuma girma daga cikin akwati a cikin abin da suke located.

Tsakanin gaseous ruwa da daskararru, a wani tsaka-tsaki matsayi. Tare da kara yawan zafin jiki, su ne mafi kama da gas, da kuma tare da rage a cikin zafin jiki, da suka fi yi kama da daskararru. Kwayoyin ruwaye fiye da tam sanya ta wani alama janye sojojin therebetween. X-ray karatu sun nuna su da cewa suna da wasu rudiments na kama crystal tsarin.

A daskararru ne ko da yaushe wani siffofin da kundin. Don canza su wajibi ne don ciyar kokarin, tun da kwayoyin, kwayoyin zarra da ions daidaita juna. Barbashi na m al'amari ba zai iya matsar da yardar kaina saboda riƙe juna tsari da kuma game da cibiyoyin tabuka umurni da ma'auni hawa da sauka. Biyu da aka sani na jihar daskararru - amorphous da crystalline. na karshe lu'ulu'u ne halin da wani takamaiman tsari gare su. Alal misali, da lu'ulu'u ne na sodium chloride NaCl kama da siffar wani shigen sukari, KNO3 potassium nitrate - Prism da sauransu. A tsarin da amorphous - shi da ka sagregatirovannye kwayoyin. Ba kamar crystalline abu narkewa a wani zazzabi, halin da fadi da tazara amorphous narkewa zafin jiki. Wani lokaci su suna bi kamar yadda ruwa tare da sosai high danko. Lokacin da yanayin canja, a cikin abin da hardening wakili ya auku, shi zai iya faruwa, kamar yadda a cikin crystalline kuma a wani amorphous jihar.

Jiki jihar abu ne, wani lokacin bayyana a matsayin wani ruwa crystal ko jini. Amma wannan ba daidai definition. A batun bukatar a raba da more cikakken nazari, don haka a wannan labarin ba a shafi Jihar al'amari.