Nau'in na rashin aikin yi da kuma misalan. The main iri na rashin aikin yi

A sakamakon da tattalin arziki downturns na samarwa ba kawai kumbura. Rage matakin na ci gaba duk da tattalin arziki sassa na al'umma ba zai iya kasa su shafi da aiki kasuwa. Kumbura, kuma da rashin aikin yi ne a da matakin qarshe a sau da rikicin, amma tsakanin wadannan mamaki ba za a iya daidaita. Wajibi ne a fili duba bambance-bambance da suke da hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma rashin aikin yi.

A farko daga cikin wadannan effects rage matakan rai na 'yan kasa. Rashin aikin yi ne a jiki reshapes data kasance ma'aikata. Society, koda halin kaka kudi mai yawa a kan horo na kwararrun ma'aikata, da fuskantar da su amfaninsa. Miliyoyin ma'aikata ne kawai ba dole ba don samarwa.

Yana yiwuwa cewa zai dauki lokaci, da kuma halin da ake ciki zai canza. Masana za su sake a da ake bukata domin kamfanoni da kungiyoyi. Duk da haka, su dexterity da fasaha sun rasa wasu, haka ma, shafi halin kirki karaya samu bayan da maras tabbas halin da ake ciki. Don mayar da aiki da albarkatun da Company za bukatar samar da 'yan kasarta da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da goyon baya, matakin da zai dogara ne a kan irin tsawon da rashin aikin yi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa yana da muhimmanci a-zurfin ilmi game da wannan sabon abu.

Ainihin ra'ayi

Rashin aikin yi ne a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sabon abu, a lokacin da wasu bangare na aiki yawan ne ba iya cikakken gane su shafi tunanin mutum da kuma ta jiki damar iya yin komai a kan aiwatar da samar da kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka. Jama'a rashin aikin yi da ya taso a lokuta inda for aiki bukatar ya wuce su wadata.

tarihin asali

A tasiri na amfani da aiki ya canza tare da ci gaban da al'ummar dan Adam. Saboda haka, a cikin m jama'a duka aiki-shekaru jama'ar na kabilar aka hannu a farauta, dafa abinci da kuma sauran m tafiyar matakai. Full-lokaci mutane ne ma halayyar da bawa tsarin. A wannan lokacin, da babbar rundunar bayi yi aiki a kan plantations, da kuma free jama'a ya zama mulkin mallaka, da sojoji, ko kuma aka tsunduma a daban-daban da sana'o'i. A irin wannan abin kwaikwaya aka lura karkashin feudalism.

Duk abin canza bayan fitowan da zaman jari hujja. A dominance na kasuwar dangantakar a cikin masana'antu mataki na ci gaba da jama'a ya haddasa wani sabon tattalin arziki sabon abu, ya kira rashin aikin yi. A sa'an nan da taron suka ba a cikin kwadago mutane.

Wanda aka dauke su da aikin yi?

Zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sabon abu, a lokacin da yawan mutane, an ba da hannu a samar da matakai suna da nasaba da aiki kasuwa. By definition, wannan ILO, rashin aikin yi da aka dauke su mutumin da ya daina ba wurin aikin ba, amma ya aka neman shi, kuma a shirye su shiga a samar da tsari. Duk da haka, ba kowane dan kasa za a iya dangana ga wannan category.

Saboda haka, kada ku shige wannan qa'idar ne naƙasasshe, da tsofaffi da kananan yara. Bugu da kari, cikin dan kasa wanda yana da wasu samun kudin shiga, amma ba ya son su shiga a samar da tsari, ba a dauke a matsayin m.

Jigon da sabon abu

Ra'ayi da kuma iri daban-daban da rashin aikin yi - ne sharuddan da cewa kokari ne bi kasuwar tsarin tattalin arziki. Wannan ya tabbatar da dukan tarihin ci gaban jari hujja al'umma.

Saboda haka, tare da biyu da rabi na 18th karni a Ingila ya fara da taro na aiki aji. Mutane sun nuna rashin amincewa da yin amfani da inji, saboda juyin juya halin masana'antu ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani dukan rundunar sojojin kowa ba dole ba ma'aikata. Bugu da ari, sabon abu ya ci gaba da samun lokacinta. Wannan ya kai ga cewa a 1995 wani Littãfi yawan marasa aikin yi persons aka rajista a wannan duniya tamu. Yana amounted zuwa 635 mutane miliyan.

A yanayi da iri da rashin aikin yi da kuma yawan marasa aikin yi a samar da dogara a kan wani takamaiman lokaci a cikin ci gaban da tattalin arzikin, wanda aka halin wasu sigogi, kamar:

- yadda ya dace da aiki;
- da kudi na tattalin arziki;
- har zuwa abin da na wasan share fagen shiga data kasance bukatar su.
- alƙaluma da halin da ake ciki.
- da aiki da manufofin biyã ta jiha.

A cewar ilimin kididdiga karatu, yawan mutanen da suka ba su da damar da za su sami wani aiki, musamman qara a lokaci a lokacin da tattalin arziki da rikicin da aka girma a kasar. An misali ne dakushe samar, wanda aka lura a 1857. A wannan lokacin, a Ingila, a da karfe masana'antu, rashin aikin yi ya 12%. Kuma a cikin m 1853 - kawai 2%. A kaifi karuwa a yawan marasa aikin yi a shekara ta 1957 aka lura a Amurka. Alal misali, a New York, "superfluous" sun fiye da 150 da dubu. Man.

Babbar yawan marasa aikin yi da aka rubuta a cikin shekaru na da ake kira Great mawuyacin. Yana wani lokaci zaunanniya daga shekara ta 1929 zuwa 1933. Sa'an nan, ba tare da wani aiki sarari aka barshi cikin 15% na aiki yawan jama'a a kasashen da suka ci gaba. Alal misali, a Amirka, a cikin wadannan shekaru da matsayi na m sun samu fiye da 10 da mutane miliyan.

Wannan mummunan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sabon abu ne mai babbar matsala a cikin yau jama'a. Saboda haka, da karuwa a yawan marasa aikin yi a samar aka lura a cikin crises na 1973-1975 gg., 1979-1980,., Kazalika, a 1982-1983.

Iri da kuma rashin aikin yi ya dogara ne a kan kasar a tambaya. Alal misali, idan muka dauki Figures a shekarar 1985, da Spanish ba zai iya samun aiki 20% na yawan jama'ar, yayin da a Japan - 2.6%. A shekaru 90 a kasashen Turai (Faransa, Ingila, Jamus da Italiya) suna da aikin yi 10-12% a Amurka - daga 5 zuwa 6, a Japan - daga 2.3 zuwa 3, da kuma Switzerland - 1%. Wadannan bambance-bambance tashi daga dabam-dabam daga kowace jiha siyasa na sauran kasashe a fannin macroeconomic management. Sashe na daga cikin bambanci a cikin matakin da rashin aikin yi da ake dangantawa da daban-daban ma'anar da kalmar.

Wanne ne ya sa akwai wata matsala da "karin" ma'aikatan?

Rashin aikin yi, haddasawa, iri, sakamakon wannan mummunan abu yadu karatu da tattalin arziki. Don kwanan wata, masu bincike sun ba uniquely bayyana bayyanar "karin" sandarka. Daga cikin dalilan suna samuwa:

1. Malthusianism, ko wani wuce haddi na yawan jama'a.
2. Markisanci, watau kwayoyin ci gaban da babban birnin tsarin.
3. High matakin na albashin na su.
4. Keynesianism kammala rashin tara bukatar.

neoclassical ra'ayi

A cewar masana harkokin tattalin arziki, manne ga wannan ka'ida, da yawan ma'aikatan dake aiki, a masana'antu tsari, da gaban da matakin na albashin da suke samu. A wasu kalmomin, da aikin yi da rage-rage tare da karuwa a albashi. To, ta yaya ya kawar da matsalar rashin aikin yi? Rage adadin Hakkin.

Keynesian ra'ayi

Masana harkokin tattalin arziki da suka bi wannan ka'idar, consistently mamaye nuna cewa a wani kasuwar tattalin arziki, rashin aikin yi ba son rai, amma tilasta. A cewar su, da neoclassical ra'ayi iya corroborating kawai a cikin masana'antu, watau micro matakin.

The kafa na ka'idar, Keynes jãyayya da cewa juz'i na aikin da aka kai tsaye nasaba bukaci ga dukiya da nagarta sosai. Bugu da kari, da aikin dogara ne a kan zuba jari. A ci gaba da irin wannan zuba jari a kowane locaci abubuwa a kan masana'antu tsunduma a samar da mabukaci kaya, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a bukatar aiki.

daban na marasa aikin yi

A halin yanzu, korau zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sabon abu, wanda shi ne halayyar ga dukan ƙasashe, batun wani takamaiman rarrabuwa. The main iri na rashin aikin yi:
- gogayya.
- cyclical.
- tsarin.

Dangane da sharudda da kuma halaye na wannan sabon abu ne overt da kuma gefen, dogon-m da na halitta, hukumomi, m, yanayi, m kuma na yau da kullum. To shi nuna irin fi na kowa iri na tebur na rashin aikin yi, wanda aka nuna a kasa.

Ka yi la'akari da iri wannan sabon abu a cikin mafi daki-daki.

frictional marasa aikin yi

Yana faruwa a lokacin wani mutum da harbe-harben a kan nasu, a lokacin da gwani da yake faruwa a sami wani sabon, mafi m aiki domin shi. Yawanci, irin wannan sabon abu ne halin da wani gajeren lokaci. Specialist da sauri kuma da kansa aiki kuma ba nasa ne da Army domin samar da maras so mutane.

Wannan irin rashin aikin yi da ya auku a lokacin canza wurin zama, sami wani sabon samuwar, wani binciken a hutu a kula da yaro. A rage wannan sabon abu zai iya magana game da inganta wadata da zama dole bayanai don wadanda neman aiki. Duk da haka, tattalin arziki jayayya da cewa frictional rashin aikin yi ne makawa. Bugu da kari, shi ne wasu har ma kyawawa, saboda wannan sabon abu ne cewa kwararru na mafi girma albashi cewa gwamnati damar ta tunanin mutuntaka ware aiki albarkatun da kai da karuwa na kasa samfurin.

tsarin rashin aikin yi

Wannan abu ya faru saboda search aiki so da kwararru da suka yi kunkuntar, cancantar. A da ginshikin, tsarin da rashin aikin yi, misalai na wanda ya wanzu a kasar mu, aka tilasta. Yana taso a sakamakon canje-canje a wannan yanki na tattalin arziki, kazalika da ci gaba na sabon, high-tech yankunan da rage rabu amfani da masana'antu.

Mene ne bayani dalla-dalla na Rasha tsarin rashin aikin yi? Misalan irin mamaki da lãbãri ga waɗanda ciwon sakandare ko sama da digiri, ba zai iya samun dace da matsayi. Kuma wannan ke faruwa yayin da kara da bukatar unskilled aiki da karfi.

Makawa abu na frictional da kuma tsarin iri

The sama iri na rashin aikin yi da kuma misalan da suka faru ba kowane dalili ya yi imani da su gaban a cikin al'umma ta halitta. Similar mamaki dauke al'ada ga wani hanzari tasowa. A wasu kalmomin, wadannan iri na rashin aikin yi da kuma siffar kamar yadda tsarin da gogayya an classified a matsayin halitta da kuma dole ya faru. Duk da haka, suna da wani tasiri a kan halittar dogon lokaci barga ma'auni a cikin aiki kasuwa. Yana nuna iri tebur na rashin aikin yi, a kasa.

A ainihi, wadannan biyu mamaki iya kira na halitta rashin aikin yi, wanda babu makawa akwai ko da a cike aiki. A daidai wannan lokaci, wannan sabon abu yayi dace da yuwuwar GDP.

cyclical marasa aikin yi

Wannan mummunan al'amari ne sakamakon raguwar samar a tsawon ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda aka halin kasa zuba jari jiko a cikin masana'antu kansu. Its ganiya matakin kai cyclical rashin aikin yi a sau da rikicin. A m darajar wannan sabon abu ne kiyaye a lokacin dagawa samar. Hakika, akwai daban-daban iri da kuma siffofin marasa aikin yi, duk da haka, cyclic ne mafi m ga yawan jama'a. Yana take kaiwa zuwa wani digo a cikin mutum samun kudin shiga, saboda haka, to wata karu a su da alheri. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar a cikin al'umma da rashin aikin yi da cyclical nuna yin amfani da samar iya aiki ba full. Wannan ya nuna wani karu a haraji kudaden shiga cikin taskar.

A dalilan da cewa faruwa cyclical hawa da sauka a cikin aiki, an rufe a cikin nassi na Jihar wasu bulan na ci gaban tattalin arziki. Alal misali, a Rasha da wannan abu ya faru saboda da miƙa mulki na kasa tattalin arzikin a kan wani tushen sabon kasuwar yanayi.

Da bukatar hade da m

Nau'in na rashin aikin yi da kuma misalan na bayyananen iya zama sosai daban-daban. Alal misali, wasu siffofin wannan sabon abu ne classified a kan tushen da bukatar yin rajistar da aikin yi, wanda zai ba da damar gwamnati ya dauki matakan da suka dace.

A wannan release:

1. The rajista yawan marasa aikin yi a nuna da yawan marasa aikin yi da neman jobs da kuma samun rajista a cikin jama'a aikin yi da sabis na jihar.
2. A boye rashin aikin yi. A cikin category na irin manpower hada da 'yan asalin wanda tsunduma a samar, amma akwai "ba dole ba". Suna aika zuwa musamman iznin ko bayar je part-lokaci.

Duration na aiki search lokaci

Nau'in na rashin aikin yi da kuma misalan ta bayyananen ne daban-daban da kuma rayuwa na wannan sabon abu. Saboda haka, kamar wani mummunan abu ya faru:
- gajere, a lokacin da wani mutum ba zai iya samun aiki ga watanni 8.
- dogon (8 zuwa 18 months).
- m (fiye da 18 months).

A musamman hatsari ga yawan dogon lokaci stagnation da kuma iri na rashin aikin yi. Kuma misalai na wannan za a iya dauka daga rayuwar yau da kullum. A dogon lokacin da aiki kwararru rasa da basirarsu da kuma ikon aiki maida. Bugu da kari, sau da yawa irin wannan yanayin shigar da ƙasƙanci daga cikin mutum ta zamantakewa, wadda take kaiwa da shi ga kungiyar shan barasa ko rashin gida. Don komawa wadannan mutane da sana'a za a iya yi tsawo ta mutum fi aiki.