A farko dabba a cikin sarari. Belka da Strelka - karnuka 'yan saman jannati

Afrilu goma sha biyu dukan duniya na murna Cosmonautics Day. A sa'an nan, baya a 1961, na farko fita cikin matsanancin sarari sanya Soviet cosmonaut Yuriy Alekseevich Gagarin.

Don wani mutum zai iya tafiya a sararin samaniya, ba tare da tsoro ga su kiwon lafiya, da kuma ba tare da sa rayukansu a hadarin, da ake bukata shekaru na bincike da kuma da yawa m gwaje-gwajen.

Ba asiri da cewa tun kafin mutane ga Duniya ta cikin tagar jirgin ruwa na kumbon sama jannati, da dabbobi sun kasance a cikin sarari. Shaggy 'yan saman jannati saukowa a kan jirgin, wanda zai dauki da su a hayin Duniya ta yanayi, da wani mutum a hankali bi da hali na farko dabba a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma yadda suka ji. Musamman kayan aiki da damar don duba, har ma ga qananan canje-canje a cikin jikin su tsarin. Wadannan data sanya shi yiwuwa a inganta aiki da jirgin sama da fasaha don karfafa shi ya yiwu da kaddamar da wani mutumin a cikin sarari ba tare da wani hadarin zuwa ga kiwon lafiya.

Mafi na kowa labari

Abin da dabbobi aika a cikin sarari da sosai farko? Mutane da yawa na wannan tambaya na iya ze na farko. Mai Active A mayar da martani, mun ji cewa na farko da dabbobi, lokacin da suka gan ta sarari, yana da kamar wata mongrel karnuka suna Belka da Strelka. Kuma, ga mamaki na da yawa, dole mu bayar da rahoton cewa wannan amsar ba daidai ba ne.

Kuma wanda duk daya ne shi ne na farko?

A matakin farko na gudanar da bincike, US masana kimiyya aika a cikin sarari mannyan birai. Wadannan dabbobi da aka zaba domin su physiological kusanci zuwa mutane.

A farko wannan suborbital jirgin da aka za'ayi da kwararru NASA Yuni 11, 1948. Abin baƙin ciki, da biri ba su tsira a lokacin wannan gwaji. A na gaba 'yan runs aka halittu masu rai tare da wannan sakamako. Amma a lokacin da wadannan jiragen ne har yanzu iya tara bayanai don taimaka inganta fasahar, da kuma dabbobin da ya tashi a sararin samaniya, karfe amince da baya ga Duniya da rai da kuma lafiya. A 60-ies muka fara aiwatar da flights ma da damar yin amfani da sararin samaniya.

A cikin duka, da bincike shirye-shirye gudanar da United States tsakanin 1948 da 1969, aka kaddamar a cikin sarari 32 Primate.

Space Travel Kare

A lokaci guda a cikin layi daya da United States Tarayyar Soviet gudanar da nazarin sararin samaniya. Domin su, karnuka da aka yi amfani da mafi sau da yawa. Kada ka san abin da na farko dabba, a narke a cikin sarari daga Rasha cosmodrome?

Dezik da Gypsies - wadannan biyu karnuka yadi Yuli 22, 1951 tafi ga wani ballistic harsashi a cikin sama yanayi. Kai matukar iyaka da sarari, wanda aka located a tsawon 100 km, sunã a cikin wani na musamman kwantena ya sauka lafiya a ƙasa. Jirgin dade da minti 20, da kuma bayan da biyu karnuka ji mai girma. Daidai daya mako da aka aikata wani jirgin, wanda ya ƙare kasa nasarar. Dezik akai-akai aike zuwa sararin samaniya, da kuma wani fasinja na da makami mai linzami, mai kare mai suna Fox, ya fado a lokacin saukowa, kamar yadda da laima, wanda ya kamata ya tabbatar da wani m saukowa daga cikin kwantena ba a bude.

A farko wanda aka azabtar da sarari masana kira shugabannin fuskanci wannan gwaji. Amma bincike ya ba daina. A cikin duka, tsakanin shekarar 1959 da kuma shekarar 1960, 29 sub-orbital jirgin da aka za'ayi to wanda karnuka sun zama, zomaye, fari berayen da beraye. Wasu daga cikin na farko dabba a sarari a lokacin tafiyarka kasance a karkashin maganin sa barci - domin ya sami damar nazarin physiological yanayin jiki.

Animal flights cikin sarari guda

A farko jirgin na kumbon sama jannati daga kai madawwama biyu, dauke da talikan da aka sanya Nuwamba 3, 1957. Kuma idan kafin dabbobi da aka aiko nau'i-nau'i, yanzu Soviet fasinja jirgin "Sputnik-2" ya zama daya da kuma kawai kare Laika mai suna. Ko da yake a zahiri ba kare ta dawo ya yiwu, amma da ta mutu har yanzu a jirgin, bayan 5 hours, tun sanya 4 cikakken jũya a kusa da Duniya. A sabili da ta mutuwa ya mai yawa danniya da zafi fiye da kima na jiki. Yana Laika - wannan shi ne na farko dabba, a narke a cikin sarari su kewayewa da kuma, da rashin alheri, bai kõma ba.

Lokaci na gaba da na tauraron dan adam tare da live mutane a kan jirgin da aka aiko zuwa kewayewa ne kawai bayan shekaru uku. Haka ya faru a ranar 28 Yuli, 1960 The jirgin ya kuma m, da kumbon sama jannati fashe bayan 38 seconds bayan fara da engine. A wannan gwajin, da karnuka, an kashe 'yan saman jannati Chanterelle da tsuntsun seagull.

Kuma Agusta 19, 1960 da kumbon sama jannati "Sputnik-5" ya shiga madawwama biyu, sanya 17 juyin kusa da Duniya da komai a fili samu nasarar. Duk wannan lokaci a kan jirgin sun m Belka da Strelka. Bayan da hukumar a watan Maris shekarar 1961, 'yan mafi daga wadannan nasara jirgin, an yanke shawarar aika wani mutum a cikin sarari farko.

A selection na dabbobi don gwaje-gwajen a sarari

A farko dabbobi a sarari ba kamar cewa, su aka zaba a hankali da aka horar da jirgin. Sha'awa, zabi karnuka su shiga a cikin jirgin, f? F yadi, outbred mutane, domin lalle ne su jiki mafi Hardy.

Domin orbital flights bukatar lafiya karnuka yin la'akari kasa da shida kilo da kuma 35 cm a tsawon, dake da shekaru biyu zuwa shekaru shida. Wajen da na'urar dake karanta bayanai a cikin mafi yawan dace ya shorthaired dabbobi.

Kafin tashi karnuka horar da su zama a cikin rufaffiyar ɗakunan da canzawa da kumbon sama jannati gida, kada ka ji tsoro daga m noises da vibrations, cin abinci, ta amfani na musamman na'urar cewa SUPPLiES abinci a weightlessness.

Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da farko jirgin na Belka da Strelka a sarari suKe

An ce jirgin na Belka da Strelka a sarari bude wa mutane hanya zuwa taurari.

'Yan mutane san cewa a gaskiya wadannan lovely karnuka kira Albina da Marquis, amma kafin a fara gwajin shi ne mai nuni zuwa ga maye gurbin waje sunayen laƙabi a cikin Soviet, kuma a yanzu na farko dabba a sarari, ya ziyarci madawwama biyu, kuma a amince koma duniya, suna saba mana a karkashin sunayen mashi da kurege.

Dogs aka zaba daga manyan yawan masu nema, amma baya daga ainihin jiki sigogi ya muhimmanci gashi launi. A amfani da dabbobi da wani haske da launi, sa shi sauki wajen saka idanu da su ta hanyar da ke zaune a yanki. Wani muhimmin factor shi ne kare da kuma roko, kamar yadda a cikin hali na nasarar da gwajin dole gabatar ga jama'a.

Ko da yake ana sa ran duration na jirgin na Belka da Strelka ne wata rana, amma a kan horo da kuma gwaji na dabbobi sun kasance a cikin m jirgin yanayi har zuwa kwana takwas.

A lokacin da jirgin a kan jirgin mai aiki rai goyon bayan tsarin, da kuma yin amfani da musamman inji karnuka a cikin yanayi na weightlessness aka ciyar da abinci da kuma ruwa. A general, da dabbobi ji da kyau, da kuma kawai a lokacin da wani roka jefa su lura zuciya palpitations. Wannan adadi ne bisa al'ada a lokacin da kumbon sama jannati ya kai falaki.

Da zarar sun kammala nasara ci gaban dabba sarari, ya bayyana - wani mutum kuma iya fita waje cikin yanayin duniya da kuma mayar da abinsa lafiya.

Sauran dabbobi suka kasance a sarari

Bugu da kari ga mannyan birai da karnuka waje cikin yanayin duniya sun ziyarci da kuma sauran dabbobi kamar Cats, kunkuru, frogs, dodon kodi, zomaye, beraye, kyankyasai, newts, har ma da wasu daban na kifi. Mutane da yawa za su yi sha'awar sani cewa Maris 22, 1990 a wani sararin "Mir" ya iya kyankyasar kwan chick na quail qwai. Wannan shi ne na farko al'amari na haihuwa da halitta mai rai a cikin sarari.

Iya asali dabbobi a sarari?

Amma gaskiyar cewa a baya kwan da ya hadu zai iya ci gaba da ƙyanƙyashe chick a sarari, ba ya nufin cewa dabbobi da shuke-shuke a cikin sarari iya asali. NASA masana kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa cosmic radiation detrimental sakamako a kan haihuwa aiki na abubuwa masu rai. Jam sel saboda mahara kõguna na protons ne a sarari, ba yi ta aiki. Ganewa haka ne ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. Har ila yau a cikin shakka daga cikin gwaje-gwajen da ba za a iya ajiye cikin sharuddan sarari riga zarozhdonnye gudan jini. Suna nan da nan daina girma kuma ya mutu.