Kalmar 'biosphere'. Tsarin halitta

Wannan labarin zai sanar da ku game da "nazarin halittu", zai gaya maka game da tsarin halittu.

Kalmar "biosphere" a zahiri ta fassara shi ne "ɓangaren rayuwa". A karo na farko da masanin kimiyyar Austrian Edward Suess ya gabatar da kimiyya a 1875. Masanin ilimin halittu JB Lamarck daga baya ya jaddada cewa dukkanin abubuwan da suke samar da haushi a fadin duniya sun samo asali saboda aikin rayayyun halittu. A zamani fassarar da manufar "biosphere" yakan haifar da wani irin harsashi na Duniya, a cikin abin da akwai duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da kuma ake ci gaba da mu'amala da su da wani ɓaɓɓake daga cikin abu na duniya. Gininta ya fara kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.8 da suka wuce, lokacin haihuwar kwayoyin farko a duniya. Muciya, kuma da tsarin da yake daya daga cikin abubuwa na matsayi tsarin yanayi. Abin da ya ƙunshi wannan harsashi ya haɗa da ɓangaren lithosphere, dukan ruwa da ƙananan ɓangaren yanayi.

Tsarin halittu ya nuna cewa:

• Wani abu mai rai wanda ya kunshi halittu masu rai da ke zaune a duniya.
• Biogenic abubuwa generated a lokacin aiki na kwayoyin sakamakon aiki da halittar kwayoyin (yanayi gas, da man fetur, peat, kwal, limestones et al.). Tun lokacin da aka haifi rayayyun halittu masu rai, sun rasa rayuka sau da yawa ta hanyar jikinsu, kwayoyin jikinsu, jini, kayayyaki duk teku, wani ɓangare na yanayi, yawancin abubuwa masu ma'adinai.
• Inert abu, kafa ba tare da taimakon rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.
• Abincin kwayoyin halitta, wanda shine sakamakon hulɗar da tsarin tafiyar da kwayoyin halittu ba tare da aiki mai mahimmanci na kwayoyin halittu ba, kasancewa ma'aunin ma'auni na ɗayan ɗayan da sauran (laka, ƙasa, tsire-tsire mai laushi, da dai sauransu). A cikinsu akwai matsayi na gaba da kwayoyin.
• Wani abu da ke cikin yanayin lalatawar rediyo.
• Ƙwayoyin tsararru, masu tasowa kullum daga duk wani abu na ƙasa, sakamakon sakamakon radiation na duniya.
• Abubuwa na yanayi marar lahani, yanayin yanayi.

Bambance-bambance, muna bukatar mu bayyana a cikin dalla-dalla game da batun farko na irin wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda tsarin halitta yake. Rayuwa al'amari ne mai hadaddun jikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Matsayinsa ƙananan, idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin shine kawai 2.4-3.6 x 1012 ton na busassun nauyi. Wannan shine kashi daya daga cikin nau'in ɓangaren halittu na halittu kamar yadda yake gaba daya, wanda hakan ya kasance kasa da dubu ɗaya daga cikin nauyin duniya. Duk da irin wannan rashin daraja a cikin nauyin nauyi, yana da matukar muhimmanci a matsayin kasa mai karfi na duniya, domin kwayoyin ba wai kawai suke gudanar da rayuwarsu a wannan harsashi ba, har ma yana tasiri kan sake fasalin siffar duniyar duniyar, wadda ke zaune a fili. Kadan sau da yawa ana samunsu a zurfin lithosphere da lithosphere, a tsawo mai tsawo, kuma sau da yawa suna zaune a cikin ƙasa, a saman duniya da kuma shimfidu na sama na hydrosphere. Yankin rarrabawarsu ya fi dacewa da iyakacin ƙasa.

Tsarin halitta, bisa ga VI. Vernadsky, wanda da farko halitta da rukunan da Muciya, yana da uku aka gyara: aerobiosferu, gidrobiosferu da geobiosferu.

A cikin rayayyun halittun rayayyun halittu masu rai, domin rayuwar wanda babban mahimmanci shine danshi na iska. Saukad da ruwa a cikin iska da aerosol da aka samo daga ƙasa yayi amfani da tushen makamashi don rayuwar rayayyun halittu a cikin wannan yanki. Hakanan, an rarraba (yanayin) cikin sub-sub-ruhu - altobiosphere da troposphere.

Hydrobiosphere shi ne duk wani ɓangaren ruwa na duniyar duniyar, wadda ake samar da ruwa. A lokaci guda gidrobiosfera ƙunshi marinobiosferu (Oceanic da marine ruwa) da akvabiosferu (nahiyar sabo ruwa).

A cikin geobiosphere, geobionts suna rayuwa, wanda qasa ta tabbatacce shine matsakaici mafi kyau.

Hakanan mutum a kowace shekara yana kara tasirin halitta kuma yana hulɗa tare da shi, yana haifar da canje-canje marar iyaka. An kira yanayin da ake kira "noosphere". Masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi nazarin halittu da bazuwa da yawa: Vernadsky, Lysenko, Farfesa Lepeshinsky da sauran masu hankali na Rasha da kasashen waje.