Kalmar "Drang nach Osten" a zahiri tana nufin "Drang nach Osten". "Drang nach Osten": darajar, amfani da kuma tarihin magana

"Drang nach Osten" - wani lokaci da aka yi amfani a cikin karni na 19th koma zuwa Jamus expansionist siyasa domin fadada "rai sarari" a gwagwarmayar da sauran al'ummai, musamman da Slavs. Wannan ra'ayi da aka yi amfani da Kaiser ta Jamus da kuma kasa da'ira, don tallafa wa kasar waje da manufofin. Bugu da ƙari, cikin lokaci da aka daidaita a gida masana tarihi.

A tarihin abin da ya faru

A ra'ayi na "Drang nach Osten" na farko ya bayyana a Jamus tarihi har da baya a matsayin farkon tsakiyar zamanai a cikin 8-13 ƙarni, a lokacin da Jamus ta kaddamar da farmakin a ƙasa na Baltic Slavs. Sun nemi samun wani qafafunku a kudancin Baltic Coast, inda akwai wani m yaki tsakanin su, kuma da Lithuania, Latvians da Estonians, kazalika da Finno-Ugric al'ummai. A msar tambayar sharuddan, wannan ra'ayi ya samu ta karshe zane a cikin 12th karni, a zamanin mulkin Frederick Barbarossa. Wannan sarki ya bi wani aiki gabashin siyasa, shirya tafiye-tafiye Arewa maso Gabas. A zamanin mulkinsa, sai aka Germanized mutane da yawa, ciki har da Slavs da Balts. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan manufar da aka aiwatar a cikin tsakiyar Turai yankuna, musamman a cikin Austria shugabanci. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan shugabanci Germanizing aiwatar bai yi nasara ba.

saukarwa

Ma'ana na "Drang nach Osten" yana da tarihi tushen da cewa a koma zuwa lokacin yunkuri na al'umma, a Gabashin Turai. Masana tarihi siddan ware wasu hijirarsa da kuma m taguwar ruwa. A farko daga cikin wadannan da dangantaka da 9th karni, a lokacin da Gabas-Frankish mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji shirya fadada a cikin Czech da kuma Croatian asashe. A na gaba lokaci - da lokaci na balagagge tsakiyar zamanai (10-11 karni), a lokacin da shugabanni na Ruhu Mai Roman Empire aka inganta a kan Baltic da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland yankin. The uku mataki - da hari a yawan mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji kuma sarakuna a kan Slavic kabilu. Wannan lokaci, shi ne mai yiwuwa mafi m, a tarihin nasarar da Jamus. Sai a wannan lokaci da Teutonic da Livonian Order da Order of Takobin nemi a mika ta dalĩli a vostochnopribaltiyskuyu yankin. A daidai wannan lokaci na aiki, ba kawai Jamus Knights, amma kuma Jamus yan kasuwa, wanda a cikin wannan shugabanci cimma wasu nasara, mafificin Rasha yan kasuwa a Latvia.

Late tsakiyar zamanai da kuma na zamani sau

Drang nach osten amfani da fadada daga cikin Jamusawa a Gabas Slavic ƙasashe a cikin 16-18 ƙarni. A wannan lokaci shi kafa wani sabon jihar a Turai - da Habsburg daular mulkinsu, wanda mamaye da Czech, Saxon, Hungarian da kuma sauran ƙasashe. Bugu da kari, cikin House of Brandenburg a haɗe zuwa da kanta wani ɓangare na Yaren mutanen Poland yankuna bayan da bangare na Poland. Duk da haka wannan bazuwa ne daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ragae saukar saboda juriya Slavic al'ummai. Daga cikin shahararrun fadace-fadace - Battle na Ice da Battle of Grunwald. Nuni da cewa Jamus amfani da wannan lokaci don tabbatar da bukatar daidaituwa na Jamus jihohin karkashin jagorancin Prussia.

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 19th Drang nach Osten - wani irin akida rukunan, wanda ya hada da na kowa gwagwarmayar da hadin kai da ke jihar a lokacin farmaki a kan Slavic asashe. A farko shi ne mai tambaya na tattalin arziki fadada da kuma da tabbatarwa daga Jamus da tasiri a cikin garũruwa na daular. Irin wannan theories an nasaba da cewa da manyan daular tsananta da National Liberation Movement, da kuma yadda wani dauki tashi manufar Pan. Wannan sabon ra'ayin da aka goyan bayan da hukumomi da kuma aka rayayye amfani da Gwamnatin Kaiser a nuna na ƙarni zuwa baratar da tsawo daga cikin gwagwarmayar duniyoyin da tasiri.

baza

Kalmar "Drang nach Osten" da aka amfani a aikin jarida daga tsakiyar karni na 19th. A kasar mu, shi ne yadu amfani tun 1865, wanda ya ba saboda tabarbarewar dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Rasha da kuma Baltic Jamusawa. Daga baya wannan ra'ayi da aka canjawa wuri zuwa aikin jarida da kuma sauran littattafan (a Poland, da Czech Republic, Faransa). A lokaci guda, da aikewa da aka yi amfani da masana kimiyya da kuma tarihi.

da yaki da shekaru

The kalmar "Drang nach Osten" samu wani sabon launi da muhimmanci dangane da barkewar yakin duniya na II. A halin yanzu, duk da haka, suna mafi sau da yawa yi amfani da lokacin magana game da Great Patriotic War. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Hitler a cikin "Mein Kampf," jãyayya da bukatar Jamusawa fadada rai sarari a kudi na Slavic asashe. Ya rubuta game da gaskiyar cewa su gwamnatin na da hakkin ya dauki wani ta ƙasa domin kasar samu sosai high yawan girma da ake bukata don ciyar. A lokaci guda ya kira a kan ta yi watsi da manufofin da fadada cinikayya tsakaninsu da kuma mayar da hankali a kan lashe Jamus mamayar na nahiyar. Saboda haka, na gida masana tarihi, kazalika da yawan masu bincike daga Gabashin Turai amfani da wannan lokaci don koma zuwa m manufofin da Nazis.

zamani aikace-aikace

A tarihin Gabashin Turai ya sami notoriety Jamus mãsu alãma. Gabas (Drang nach Osten a Jamus version) ya zama babban shugabanci na fadada, wanda aka tare da tattalin arziki da amfani da yawa yaƙe-yaƙe. Amma wadannan kwanaki, da kalmar ya rasa ma'anarta, musamman dangane da halin da ake ciki aggravated a cikin Slavic jihohi. Kuma zamani siyasa masana kimiyya amfani da kalmar ba kawai ga Slavic mutane, amma kuma ga m shugabanci a duk. Kwararru da yawa sun buga da Kalmar "American Drang nach Osten", a lokacin da ta je US kasashen waje da manufofin yau. A mawallafa lura da gwamnatin ta sadaukar da su shiga a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Ukraine, Syria da sauran kasashe. A wannan batun, ajalin yana da wani sabon ma'anar da aka ba ko da yaushe ya gane shi a matsayin Jamus fadada cikin Slavic asashe. Duk da haka, da karshen jawabin ya shafi kimiyyar siyasa.

A kimiyya da siyasa

A historiography da kuma tarihi kimiyya shi ne har yanzu a wani ajali amfani a cikin gargajiya ji. Wadannan matsaloli kara daga gaskiya cewa gabashin shugabanci ya kasance kullum daya daga cikin manyan kwatance a cikin siyasa na kasashen Turai. Wannan halin da ake ciki ta ci gaba da wannan rana, da kuma duk da kira ga zaman lafiya da yunkurin da ake na warware tara sabani diplomasiyya wajen, halin da ake ciki ya zauna musamman m a cikin wannan yankin. Matsalar gabashin kasashen ko da yaushe ya kasance musamman dacewa, kuma shi ne ya sa a zamanin yau dauke a cikin ra'ayi na ciki har da wannan yanki. Yanzu geopolitical halin da ake ciki shi ne irin da cewa Kalmar "Drang nach Osten" sake fara da za a rayayye a yi amfani da siyasa lexicon.