Karkashin kasa Paris. Catacombs na Paris: description, tarihi da kuma baƙo reviews

Yawancin mutane suna tunanin cewa ya fi romantic kuma poetic Turai birnin - Paris. Catacombs - ba da mafi shahara da kuma rare da alama, amma kawai wani karamin sashi na wata babbar Multi-matakin dungeons, mikewa fiye da kilomita 300 daga ƙarƙashinsa.

A labarin na

A zamanin da a shafin na Faransa ta zamani babban birnin kasar housed a Roman shiri - Lutetia. Domin gina ajalin, wasanni fagage da kuma haifar da sculptures, wanda za a iya gani a yau a cikin Latin Quarter da Ile de la buga, ya fara cire gida farar ƙasa, kuma gypsum, da kuma cewa da lokacin da akwai farko quarry. A tsawon lokaci, da Roman Lutetia Paris ya juya zuwa ga Faransa, domin taba-girma birni da ake bukata fiye da kayan gini. A quarry ba kawai fadada, amma kuma kara bunkasa. A XII karni, daya daga cikin manyan al'amurra na Faransa ci gaban tattalin arziki ya zama mai samar da farar ƙasa, kuma gypsum. By XV dandalin quarries sun zama biyu-matakin, da kuma kusa da kofofi shirya musamman, sanye take da winches, rijiyoyin tada surface na babbar tubalan na dutse. By da XVII karni, a cibiyar sadarwa na karkashin kasa Tunnels da mahakar located a ƙasa dukan titunan birnin Paris. Kusan dukan birnin, "hovered" a kan mutum ya halicci wani wõfintattu.

Matsala da kuma Magani

A cikin XVIII karni akwai wata barazana da rushewar barin ƙasa na da yawa manyan mukaman tituna. Kuma bayan da 1774 bala'i bugi - a cikin 30-mita rami ya rufta da wani ɓangare na titi d'Enfer da gine-gine, mutane da kuma kuraye - da oda na Sarkin Faransa, Louis XVI, musamman kungiyar da aka kafa - Gaba Inspectorate na quarries, akwai kuma aiki a yau. Its ma'aikata ne alhakin da yanayin da akwai catacombs karkashin Paris, ya karfafa da kuma gyara cikin karkashin kasa Tunnels. Duk da dukan matakan dauka, haɗarin harin da aka adana a matsayin ruwan karkashin kasa jarabce su karfafa tushe da kogwanni.

zamani tarihi

Practical Faransa used kogwanni for namo namomin kaza, ruwan inabi ajiya, da kuma sauran kayayyakin. A lokacin yakin duniya na II, a lokacin da Jamus sojojin sun shagaltar da Paris, a karkashin kasa catacombs aka yi amfani a matsayin mayakan na Faransa Resistance da Nazis. A tsakiyar karni na karshe, free samun karkashin kasa Tunnels da aka haramta, amma katafily - karkashin kasa da manyan mukaman rai masoya - kuma a yanzu suna iya shiga cikin catacombs, inda suka ciyar da jam'iyyar, Paint hotuna da kuma da sauran art abubuwa.

Izini da kuma bude ga dukan matakan da karkashin kasa da Paris - Metro kuma, wata babbar hudu-labarin sashen store, "Forum", located a karkashin square, inda a baya aka bayyana Emilem Zolya kasuwar - "ciki na Paris".

Paris jirgin karkashin kasa

Metro na Paris ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin a duniya - shi yana da fiye da shekara ɗari. Hanyoyinsa suna kõre da mai walƙiya tare da Lines na lantarki jiragen kasa, da kuma aka hada da fiye da 14 Lines da 400 tashoshin, matsakaici da kuma lafiya kwanciya da alaka Tuddan wurare, gina a kan site na zamanin d catacombs na Paris. A Paris Metro ne daban-daban daga dukan sauran m kamshi. lobbies benaye wata-wata rufe musamman kakin-scented gandun daji da kuma natsuwa.

Ta yaya zan samu su?

Mafi yawa daga cikin masu yawon shakatawa suna farin ciki don amfani da Paris jirgin karkashin kasa da kuma ziyarci giant karkashin kasa shagon "Forum", amma ba kowa da kowa yana tafiya a kusa da Faransa na son zuwa tsoho catacombs na Paris. Yawon shakatawa zuwa boye duniya na Faransa babban birnin kasar - shi ne wani taron, kamar yadda maganar ke, "wani mai son". Duk da haka, za su iya samun a ta musamman Pavilion, tsohon kwastan ginin, dake kusa da Denfert-Rochereau Metro tashar (Denfert-Rochereau). Domin yawon bude ido ya bude game 2.5 kilomita karkashin kasa Tunnels da kogwanni. A kan ƙasa na wasu daga cikin wuraren da za a haramta ta Shari'a, musamman 'yan tawagar sintiri a cikin catacombs, saka idanu da aiwatar.

taskar

Faransa karkashin kasa necropolis located a karkashin irin wannan zamani da manyan mukaman tituna kamar Avenue, Dare, d'Alembert da Avenue Rene-Coty, kuma mafiya yawan waɗanda suke tafiya a kan su, ba su ma sane da abin da yake a karkashin su. Ya m siffofin ne catacombs na Paris. Tarihi ossuaries, ko a cikin wasu kalmomi, wani boye hurumi, ya fara a 1780, bayan da birnin majalisa haramta binne a cikin birnin. Ragowar fiye da mutane miliyan biyu, da most kyaun wurin ƙailũla a baya a cikin manyan mukaman hurumi na marasa laifi, aka cire, disinfected, sarrafa da kuma cushe zuwa zurfin kan 17 mita a yi watsi da quarries Kabarin-Issoire. Saboda haka Paris aka barrantar da kaburbura. Catacombs zama Allaha wuri fiye da miliyan shida mutane. A 1876, Paris taskar da aka kafa, kunsha na madauwari galleries total tsawon kusan mita 800. Its zamani look manyan mukaman catacombs samu a farkon na XIX karni: madaidaiciya farfajiyoyi cika da tsarin kwanyarsu da kuma kasusuwa. A farkon kaburburan kwanan rana zuwa wannan zamanin na cikin Merovingian, fiye da shekaru 1,000, da kuma mafi yawan 'yan aka gudanar a lokacin da Faransa juyin juya halin.

Mene ne wannan?

Da zarar a Paris, da catacombs da kuma taskar ne daraja ziyara zuwa a kan "bambanci" tsakanin rai da mutuwa don gamsuwa da kyakkyawa da romance na Faransa babban birnin kasar. Domin samun a cikin necropolis da sauka da 130 matakai don kunkuntar karfe karkace bene. Wadanda suka sha wahala daga claustrophobia, na kullum zuciya, jijiya da cutar huhu, shi ne mafi alhẽri ba tafi a kan irin wannan tafiya, ba ya cutar da su lafiya.

Bayan mutum ya rage suya a kan bango, a zurfin kusan 20 mita za a iya gani shigar a cikin nawa don samar da sabo iska bagaden, reliefs, Monuments da sculptures cewa ado jana'izar da ƙarni. Kusan kowace gwamnati ne alama gravestones, a kan abin da kwanan wata na reburial na saura, kazalika da coci da kuma wani hurumi aka hawa. A daya daga cikin galleries za ka iya ganin da kyau, baya amfani don hakar ma'adinai na farar ƙasa, wanda aka gina daga Paris. Catacombs, ko kuma wajen, da rufi da kuma ganuwar wadannan karkashin kasa galleries, "ado" raraka tare da ƙasũsuwa da kokon na matattu. A cikin wannan birnin na duhu, kamar yadda Faransa da kansu kira da necropolis, ragowar shahara a lokacin mutane kamar Blez Paskal da Fouquet, Marat da Lavoisier, kuma Robespierre Sharl Perro, Rabelais da Danton.

reviews

Yau, matafiya fata ziyarci catacombs (Paris, Faransa) ne kawai zai iya tafiya ta cikin tarihi da kuma ba su je da sassa inda akwai binne. Sassaka karkashin kasa Tunnels ba samar da wani musamman alama - talauci lit barandar da kuma a wasu wurare samu alamun da ke nuna sunayen tituna, located a saman. Amma taskar, Kashi ajiya sarari, rinjayar da mafi yawan mutane ba su sosai da yawa na saura kamar yadda daban-daban alamu da siffa inlaid kokon clutches a cikin nau'i na "gidan", "ganga" ko haikali. Duk da gargadi ãyã a ƙofar: "Tsaya! Ga mulkin mutuwa! ", A musamman tsoro babu wanda gwaje-gwaje da kuma gogaggun matafiya ce cewa Palermo catacombs na Capuchins zõ da wani depressing sakamako. Ko da irin wannan babbar lambar na mutum kokon da ƙasũsuwa shin ba kamar yadda mai ban mamaki a matsayin Italian mummies kiyaye su. Duk da tsananin ban ko ta shãfe su, yawon bude ido daga kasashe daban-daban dauki a hannun kuma yi hoto da ragowar.