Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya site: tarihi, gwajin abubuwan

Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya site ne daya daga cikin duhu surori a cikin tarihi na adawa tsakanin biyu superpowers - Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka. An yi imani da cewa halittar da irin wannan high-Powered kuma m makamai domin Tarayyar Soviet a wancan lokaci da wuya aka cike take da ake bukata. Amma da mafi gabatowa nukiliya masana kimiyya zuwa ga gano shi, tambaya zama mafi latsa kamar yadda ya inda ya fuskanci wannan latest ci gaba. Kuma da mafita ga wannan matsala da aka samu.

Tarihi na halitta

Ba dole ne a ce cewa gwajin makaman nukiliya site shi ne wani ɓangare na wani aiki da za a gina da atomic bam. Saboda haka wajibi ne a sami wani m yanki gwada fitar da sabon makamai. Ta fara matakan Kazakhstan, wanda ya juya a cikin Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya shafin. Ina wannan wuri, a cikin lokaci, 'yan sani. More musamman, wannan steppe a dama banki na Irtysh River, kawai 130 km daga Semipalatinsk.

Daga baya ya bayyana cewa topography na yankin ne mafi kyau dace domin boye ya fashe a ramukan da kuma Tunnels. The kawai drawback shi ne cewa kasar Sin Consulate aka located, amma nan da nan aka rufe a Semipalatinsk.

Agusta 21, 1947 bayar da umarni furtawa cewa a baya fara yi na gulag yanzu canjawa wuri zuwa ga ma'aikatar tsaron karkashin lakabi "The atisaye yawan 2 MBC Tarayyar Soviet (a / h 52605)." Wa maigidan aka nada Laftanar-Janar P. Rozhanovicha da kuma kimiyya duba - M. A. Sadovskogo, wanda daga baya ya zama wani Academician.

gwajin

Domin da farko lokacin da makamin nukiliya a Tarayyar Soviet da aka gwada a watan Agusta shekarar 1949. Ikon da bama-bamai sa'an nan fashe ya 22 kilotons. Ya kamata a lura cewa shirya domin shi sosai. Wannan ya zama dole domin tabbatar da tsaro a iyakar adadin bayanai a kan tasiri da kuma sakamakon na aikace-aikace na wannan sabon makami.

Semipalatinsk nukiliya polygon da aka gudanar a wata babbar yanki na 18 dubu. 500 sq. km. Daga wannan gwaji site tare da diamita na game da 10 km da aka raba sassa an kasaftawa. A wannan yankin, mu gina wani kwaikwaiyo na zama gine-gine da kuma fortifications, kuma Mun sanya farar hula da kuma soja motocin. Bugu da kari, wadannan sassa sun fiye da daya da rabi da dubu dabbobi da kuma sanya a kusa da kewaye da aunawa daukar hoto da kuma cinematographic kayan aiki.

A lokacin da ya shirya wani gwajin rana, kuma shi ne a kan Agusta 29, a cibiyar yankin a wata tsawo na 37 m aka nike cajin RDS-1. Up mai girma ya tashi naman kaza girgije. Kamar haka suka fara m aiki na Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya shafin. Memoirs gwajin da kuma talakawa farar hula da suka zama garkuwa na zamanin da kuma kallon wannan show, kusan guda: wani bam - shi ne duka grand da mummunan kallo.

fashewar Statistics

Saboda haka, Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya site, tarihin wanda quite duhu da daurin boye, ya zama m ga mutane da suke zaune a kusa da nan. Yana sarrafa daga 1949 zuwa 1989. A wannan lokaci, fiye da 450 da gwaje-gwaje da aka za'ayi, a lokacin da ya hura tashi a kusa da 600, duka biyu nukiliya da kuma thermonuclear na'urorin. Daga cikin wadannan, game da 30 da aka kasa da kuma a kalla 85 jirgin sama. Bugu da kari, wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar, wanda hada da hydrodynamic da hydronuclear gwaje-gwajen.

An sani cewa jimlar damar zargin kika aika a Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya site daga 1949 zuwa 1963, 2.2 dubu. Times mafi girma daga karfi na atomic bam, to guntu a Amurka a shekarar 1945 a kan Hiroshima.

effects

A landfill, located in Kazakh steppes, ya na musamman. Ya aka sani ba kawai domin ta sararin ƙasa, kuma busa a kan shi ya fi ci-gaba na mutuwa nukiliya warheads, amma kuma gaskiyar cewa ƙasarsa ya kullum ke yankin. Wannan ya ba ko'ina kuma a duniya. Saboda gaskiya cewa na farko da 'yan nukiliya zargin suke ajizai biyayya, na 64 kilo amfani uranium sarkar dauki shafa kawai game da 700 g, da saura ya tuba zuwa ga abin da ake kira rediyoaktif turɓãya, wanda settles a kan kasa bayan wani fashewa.

Saboda girma sakamakon da Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya shafin. Gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan shi da cikakken nuna a kan yan unguwa. Dauki, misali, da fashewa, wanda ya faru a karshen Nuwamba 1953. Shi ne mai thermonuclear cajin RDS-labeled 37. Ya aka jefa daga cikin jirgin saman, kuma ya tayar wani wuri a tsawon 1550 mita. A sakamakon wani naman kaza girgije, wanda ya diamita na 30 km da wani tsawo na 13-14 km. Ya za a iya gani a 59 kwaminonin. A cikin radius na ɗari biyu kilomita daga cibiyar da fashewa duk windows a gidajen sun karye. A daya kauyen kashe wata yarinya, 36 km rushe benaye, daya soja kashe da kuma fiye da 500 mazauna suka ji rauni. A ikon da fashewa za a iya hukunta daga gaskiyar cewa a cikin Semipalatinsk, located 130 km daga shafin, a cikin 3 ne suka rubuta a girgizawa.

Za mu iya kawai tsammani abin da zai iya haifar da karin nukiliya gwaje-gwaje, idan ba yarjejeniya a kan su haramta a cikin ruwa, iska da kuma sarari, sa hannu da manyan ikokin a cikin wannan yanki a shekarar 1963.

Fields na aikace-aikace

A lokacin da shekaru na nukiliya gwajin ya tara mai yawa muhimmanci da bayanai. Mafi yawa daga cikin bayanan, kuma wannan rana da aka alama "classified." 'Yan san cewa Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya site aka yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje, ba kawai a cikin soja, amma kuma ga masana'antu dalilai. Akwai ma takardun da cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da fiye da 120 fashewar ba a kan soja filaye yankuna.

Nukes aka yi amfani don ƙirƙirar karkashin kasa cavities ake bukata a cikin masana'antar mai da gas, kazalika da karin tasiri An riga an fara gudanar da fita daga filayen da ma'adanai. Oddly isa, amma Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya site ne springboard for jari na sararin kwarewa a cikin yin amfani da irin wannan fashewar ga m dalilai.

rufe

1989 shi ne a shekara ta lõkacin fatara daga makaman nukiliya gwaji. Daidai shekaru 42 bayan da fashewa ta farko bam - 29 Agusta 1991 - musamman hukuncin da aka sanya hannu da shugaban kasar Kazakh Nursultan Nazarbayev da nufin ƙulli daga cikin Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya shafin. Bayan shekaru 3, da dukan arsenal irin wadannan makamai da aka dauka daga karkarar da cewa State.

Ko bayan shekaru 2 duk soja iznin daga can, amma bari mummuna scars a cikin ƙasa a cikin nau'i na craters, Tunnels da dubban kilomita ƙasa guba da rediyoaktif barbashi.

Kurchatov

Sai da na ɗauki shekaru 24 bayan da aka rufe da Semipalatinsk gwajin site. Amma Kurchatov - abin da ake kira da zarar rufaffiyar birni - har yanzu tana da m shahararsa tsakanin 'yan kasashen waje. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tun da yawa mafarki ga abin da irin ikon ya bace superpower kira Tarayyar Soviet. The yawon bude ido da suka zo nan, daya hanya: Kurchatov - wani gwaji filin - wani sabon abu lake, wanda ake cewa Atomic.

Na farko, wani sabon birni wanda ake kira Moscow-400. Yan'uwa aiki a can zo masana a cikin babban birnin kasar da kuma akwai neman 'yan uwa. Su ma basu sani cewa yanzu suke zaune a kan 3 da dubu. Km na Moscow. Saboda haka, a shekarar 1960 a garin da aka sake masa suna zuwa Semipalatinsk-21, da kuma daga baya, a Kurchatov. A karshen sunan da aka ba a daraja na sanannun developer na shirin nukiliya na Tarayyar Soviet Igor Kurchatov, da suka rayu da aiki a nan.

Wannan birni da aka gina daga karce kusan shekaru 2. A lokacin da gina gidajen da aka dauke shi da cewa jami'an da kuma masana kimiyya da iyalansu za a zama a nan. Saboda haka Kurchatov aka kawota ta da mafi category. Yan'uwa da suka zo ziyarci 'yan uwa, ya yi ĩmãni da cewa sun rayu kusan a sama. Duk da yake a cikin Moscow mutane su tsaya for hours a layin abinci tare da takardun shaida a hannunka, a Kurchatov shelves a Stores kawai yadda nake alfaharin da wani sabon abu da yawa na dukiya.

atomic lake

Yana bayyana a sakamakon fashewar da samar a cikin tsakiyar Janairu 1965 a mahaɗar tsakãninsu biyu manyan koguna a yankin - da kuma Ashchisu mataki. Ikon atomic cajin ya 140 kilotons. Bayan fashewa, akwai wani bakin dutse tare da diamita na 400 m da kuma zurfin kan 100 m. Radionuclide samu na ƙasar a kusa da tafkin ya game 3-4 km. A nan ne nukiliya, Legacy da Semipalatinsk gwajin site.

landfill azabtar

A shekara daga baya, bayan na farko da aka samar da makaman nukiliya fashewa, jariri mace-mace kudi ya karu da kusan sau 5, da kuma rayuwa span na yawan balagaggun jama'a ya rage da 3-4 shekaru. A m shekaru, ci gaban nakasar malformations a yankin ta yawan kawai ya karu, kuma bayan shekaru 12 da kai mai rikodin 21.2% a cikin 1 dubu. Jariri. Dukan su - wadanda ke fama da da Semipalatinsk gwajin makaman nukiliya shafin.

A m yankunan, wannan site radioactivity a shekarar 2009 ya 15-20 Mr awa. Duk da wannan, akwai har yanzu rayuwa mutane. Har shekara ta 2006, yankin da aka ba kawai kare, amma ba a tsara. A gida jama'ar na yankin da aka yi amfani a matsayin makiyaya domin shanu.

Kwanan nan, shugaban kasar na Kazakhstan ya bayyana da matsayi na musamman na mutane da suka rayu daga 1949 zuwa 1990 kusa da abu, wanda aka kira "da Semipalatinsk nukiliya gwaji ƙasa." Amfanin ga yawan ake rarraba bisa nesa na da wurin zama daga cikin gwaji yankin. The gurbata yankin ne zuwa kashi 5 zones. Dangane da wannan dabara guda kudi diyya, kazalika da albashi kari. Haka kuma an bayar da su samu ƙarin kwanaki zuwa hutun shekara-shekara. A cikin taron cewa wani mutum ya zo a daya daga cikin bangarori bayan shekarar 1991, amfanin ba su shafi da shi.