Karl Martell: takaice dai biography, ya gyara aikinsa, da kuma ayyukan. Soja garambawul Karla Martella

A VII-Sabunta cc. a kan kango na tsohon Western Roman Empire, akwai da dama Jamus jihohi. A cibiyar kowane daga cikinsu buga tribal alliance. Alal misali, ya kasance Frank, wanda ƙarshe ya zama Faransa. Da zuwan jihar can sun fara mulkin sarakunan Merovingian daular. Duk da haka, wannan suna zai iya ba dade rike on da jagorantar kungiyar. A tsawon lokaci, da tasiri canjawa wuri zuwa ga magajin gari na fada. Farko shi ne babban jami'in manyanmu na fada Merovingian iko. Tare da weakening na sarauta da iko, da post ya zama wata babbar a jihar, ko da yake sarakunan sun kuma wanzu a layi daya da sababbin shugabannin da Franks.

asalin

Pepin na Herstal na Carolingian daular kasance magajin gari na fada da 680 714 a shekara. Ya haifi 'ya'ya uku, ƙarami wanda ya Karl Martell. Biyu m dan Pepin rasu a idon mahaifinsa, da haka suka zo da fore dynastic batun a kasar. Daga cikin ɗan fari na da shekaru m ya yi a jika suna Teodoaldom. Wannan ya yanke shawarar wuce kursiyin Pepin, dogaro a kan ra'ayin da ya m matar Plectrude. Yana da aka kafa sharply da Charles ga dalilin cewa ya aka haifi daga wata mace.

Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu, Charles aka aika zuwa kurkuku, da kuma na da hakkin ya fara Plectrude, wanda aka ƙa'ida Regent ga qananan ɗa. Karl Martell dogon languished a kurkuku. Ya gudanar ya tsere bayan da kasar ta tarzomar ta bazu.

A tashin a kasar

M tare da Franks ba ya so ya gani azzaluman Plectrude a kan karaga, sa'an nan ayyana yaki kan ta. Su na farko ƙoƙari ya ƙare a shan kashi a kauye kusa da na zamani birnin Compiègne a Picardy. Daya daga cikin shugabannin 'yan bindigar mai suna Teodoald yaudare su gefe tare da abokan gaba. Sa'an nan, a cikin sansanin Franks yana da wani sabon shugaba - Ragenfred. Ya aka matsayin kantoman da fadar Neustria. The yaki yanke shawarar cewa shi kadai ba zai iya lashe, da kuma sanya wani ƙawance da K'abilan Firsi sarki Radborom. Hadin gwiwa da sojojin yaƙi Cologne, wanda shi ne na zama Plectrude. Ta aka ajiye kawai da cewa biya kashe a kudi na girma dũkiya tara a lokacin da mijinta Pepin.

Tseren ga ikon

Sai a wannan lokacin ya tsere daga kurkuku Karl Martell. Da ya gudanar ya tara mai dimbin magoya baya wanda ba ya so ya gani a kan kursiyin, babu wani daga cikin sauran 'yan takara. Da farko Karl kokarin shawo kan Radbora, amma a cikin yaƙin kasa. Da sauri taru wani sabon sojojin, matasa kyaftin ya sãme wani gasa - Ragenfreda. Ya kasance a ba-rana Belgium. A fadan da ya faru a yanzu garin Malmedy. Wannan ya biyo ta mulkin dukan Austrasia Chilperic, wanda ya kafa wani kawance da Ragenfredom. A nasara a yarda Charles samun tasiri da kuma iko. Ya rinjayi Plectrude ritaya daga ikon da ya ba shi mahaifinsa taskar. Ba da da ewa uwar rana, saboda abin da na gaba ya fara zare jiki ya mutu. A 718, Karl Martell karshe kafa kansa a Paris, amma har yanzu ya yi iko da sauran Frankish mulkin gargajiya da sarakunanku.

fadada iyaka

Yana da lokaci zuwa aika makamai zuwa kudu. A mulkin Neustria Ragenfred hada kai da Ed Mai girma, wanda ya yi mulki a Aquitaine. Last haye Loire da Basque sojojin, domin taimaka ally. A 719, akwai wani yaƙi tsakanin su da kuma Carl, wanda ga gaci. Ragenfred gudu zuwa fusatar da mulki har sai da ya rasu a 'yan shekaru.

Ed roƙe talakansa na Charlemagne. Dukansu yi niyyar su sanya a kan sarautarsa na rauni Chilperic. Ya mutu nan da nan bayan, kuma a wuri tsaya Theodoric IV. Ya saurari duk kan magajin gari na gidan sarki, da bai wakiltar barazana ga m Franc. Duk da nasara a Neustria, karkata daga jihar ci gaba da zama da kansa daga cikin tsakiyar gwamnatin. Alal misali, a Burgundy (a kudu maso gabashin) mamaye gida bishops, kada ku saurãra ga umarni na Paris. A sabili da tashin hankali kasance mafi Jamus asashe, inda Alemannia, Thuringia da kuma Bavaria, wani mummunan hali zuwa magajin gari na fada.

garambawul

Don ƙarfafa ikonsa, magajin gari na fada yanke shawarar canza domin a jihar. Na farko shi ne Karla Martella benefitsialnaya garambawul da za'ayi a cikin 30s. Yana da ya wajaba wajen karfafa sojojin. Da farko, da Frankish sojojin da aka kafa daga mayakan ko birane kungiyoyin. Matsalar shi ne, domin gyaran da sojoji da yawa a cikin ikon ne kawai bai isa kudi.

A dalilai domin gyara Karla Martella ne ainihin wannan karancin soja kwararru a hali na rikici da makwabtanta. Yanzu maza tafi zango tare da magajin garin na fādar sarki, ya karbi domin sabis ƙasar rabo. Don ajiye shi, suka yi a kai a kai amsa kira daga wani suzerain.

Benefitsialnaya garambawul Karla Martella ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Frankish jihar shi manyan fama-shirye sojojin da-sanye take da sojoji. Irin wannan tsarin da babu makwabta, don haka abin da suka zama musamman m ga gwamnatin magajin gari na fada.

Ma'anar garambawul Karla Martella a ƙasar ikon mallakar ya shafi dukiya daga cikin coci. Secularization ya karu da rabo daga wadanda mutane iko. Yana da wadannan kwace ƙasashe shige wa waɗanda suka yi aiki a cikin rundunar soja. The coci dauki wani ragi, misali, ƙasar gidajen zama nĩsanci redistribution.

Soja garambawul Karla Martella ya kara yawan sojojin doki a cikin sojojin. M mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji da kananan mãkirci ne ba barazanar sarauta, saboda su aka daidaita a haɗe da shi. Duk da kyau-da ake dogara a kan biyayya ga hukuma. Saboda haka akwai wani sabon da muhimmanci aji, wanda ya zama tsentralnoobrazuyuschim a baya tsakiyar zamanai.

Mene ne ma'anar soja da sake fasalin Karla Martella? Ya so ba kawai don kara yawan dogara mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji ba, amma kuma cire daga cikin sojojin da ikon manoma. Maimakon sojojin su yanzu kama a wani dukiya da gonaki: .. Earls, shugabannai, da dai sauransu haka ne, ya fara bautar manoma wanda kasance ga mafi part free. Sun samu wani sabon matsayi ance gaskiyar al'amurra bayan hanyar rasa da muhimmancin a cikin sojojin francs. Daga baya mulkin gargajiya giji (da kuma kananan da manyan) zai zama live daga amfani da aikin gandu na manoma.

Ma'anar garambawul Karla Martella - shi ne miƙa mulki ga gargajiya tsakiyar zamanai, inda kowa da kowa a cikin al'umma - daga matalauta da gwamnan - wanzu a cikin wani sarari matsayi. Kowane Estate wani mahada a sarkar na dangantaka. Wuya Franks a lokacin da ake zargin cewa haifar da oda, wanda zai šauki daruruwan shekaru, amma duk da haka shi ne abin da ya faru. 'Ya'yan itãcen wannan manufofin ze sosai da ewa ba, a lokacin da yaro Martel - Karl Veliky - kiran kansa sarki.

Duk da haka, kafin cewa shi ne har yanzu nisa. A karo na farko Karla Martella sake fasalin sun karfafa gwamnatin tsakiya a birnin Paris. Amma tare da shekarun da suka gabata ya bayyana cewa irin wannan tsarin ne mai kyau kiwo ƙasa domin farkon Lalacewar jihar francs. Lokacin da tsakiyar iko Martell da feudalists matsakaicin shirye moriyar juna - fadada iyakoki da kuma aiki bautar manoma. Power ya defenses.

Ga kowane rai Sphere ɓullo da sabon garambawul Karla Martella. Tebur a fili ya nuna cewa canji a cikin jihar daga cikin Franks karkashin mulkin.

Jamus siyasa

A tsakiyar zamanin Charles I yanke shawarar kai na'urar waje na ta Jamus iko. Ya aka tsunduma a cikin wannan gini hanyoyi, birni mai garu da mayar da oda a ko'ina. Wannan ya zama dole domin Tarurrukan na cinikayya da kuma maido da al'adu links tsakanin daban-daban tribal ƙungiyar na yammacin Turai. A lokacin wadannan shekaru da Franks rayayye mallakeku kwarin Kogin Main, inda a baya suka zauna kagaggun Saxons da kuma sauran Jamus. Ana zargin wani m yawan jama'a a cikin yankin ya ƙarfafa iko a kan ba kawai a Franconia, amma kuma a kan Thuringia da kuma Hessen.

Rauni Jamus shugabannai wani lokacin kokarin tabbatar da kansu a matsayin masu zaman kansu shugabanni, amma Karla Martella soja gyara ya canza balance mulki. A mulkin gargajiya sarakunan Alemannia da Bavaria suka ci da Franks da yarda da kansu zuwa ga vassals. Da yawa kabilu sun kawai kunshe a jihar zauna Majusawa. Saboda haka francs firistoci himma biya kãfirai zuwa Kristanci, don haka abin da suka ji a daya tare da Katolika duniya.

musulmi mamayewa

A halin yanzu, da babban hatsari ga magajin gari na fada da kuma ta jihar shi ba a cikin Jamus makwabta, da kuma Larabawa. Wannan warlike kabilar yana da wani karni kama duk sabuwar ƙasar karkashin inuwar sabon addini - Musulunci. Riga auku gabas ta tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka da Spain. A Visigoths, wanda ya rayu a cikin Yaren Kasar Larabawa, sha wahala da shan kashi bayan shan kashi, da kuma ƙarshe suka tattara zuwa ga iyakokin da Franks.

Larabawa na farko ya bayyana a Aquitaine a 717, idan aka yi har yanzu mulki ta hanyar Ed Veliky. Sa'an nan da aka harben hare-hare da kuma leken asiri. Amma a shekara ta 725 aka dauka zuwa birane kamar Carcassonne da Nimes.

Duk da lokaci, da Aquitaine ne buffer kafa tsakanin Martel da Larabawa. Its fall zai haifar a cikin gaba daya fallasa francs a matsayin nasara shi ya wuya auku Pyrenees duwãtsu, kuma a nan cikin ƙasar tuddai, da suka ji fiye da m.

Soja shugaban (wali) na Musulmi na Abd al-Rahman a 731 shekara yanke shawarar tada wani rundunar sojojin daban-daban kabilu, subordinated Khalifanci a 'yan shekarun nan. Ya manufa ita ce birnin Bordeaux a kan Atlantic Coast na Aquitaine, wanda ya shahara domin ta dũkiya. The sojojin kunshi Musulmi daga daban-daban Spanish dabbanci, bawa Larabawa, Masar reinforcements da manyan sassa na Musulmi. Ko da yake sai Sources bambanta a kimantawa da yawan Musulmi sojoji, shi za a iya zaci cewa wannan adadi zai canza a matakin 40 dubu da makamai maza.

Kusa da Bordeaux Ed sojojin ya yaƙi da abokan gaba. Ya ƙare da baƙin ciki ga Kiristoci, suka dauke ci da kuma birnin da aka sauke. A Spain ta gudana tafiyar Moors tare da ganima. Duk da haka, Musulmi ba za su daina, kuma sake bayan wani gajeren jinkiri tafi arewa. Suka zo Poitiers, amma gida mazaunan yana da kyau tsaron gida katangu. The Larabawa bai yi kuskure to mummunan harin da suka tattara zuwa ga Tour, wanda ya dauki wani yawa karami hasarori.

A wannan lokaci zan fasa Ed gudu zuwa Paris don neman taimako a cikin yaki da invaders. Yanzu yana da lokaci zuwa duba ma'anar soja da sake fasalin Karla Martella. A karkashin ya banner tashi yawa sojoji, gaskiya bayin a musayar ƙasar Holdings. M dauka Franks, amma aka kuma tattara daban-daban Jamus kabilu, shi ne dogara a kan magajin gari na fada. Waɗannan su ne Bavarians, Frisians, Saxons, Alemanni, da sauransu. D. dalilai Karla Martella sake fasalin kasance kamar sha'awar tara manyan sojojin a cikin mafi muhimmanci lokacin. Wannan aiki da aka kammala a cikin mafi guntu yiwu lokaci.

Abd ar-Rahman a wannan lokaci ya sata wata babbar adadin kofuna da dama saboda abin da sojojin suka kaya, wanda aka musamman rage gudu da ci gaba na sojojin. Bayan koyo na da niyyar shiga francs a Aquitaine, Wali umurce su da su matsa zuwa Poitiers. Yana da jũna a gare shi cewa ya za lokacin shirya domin wani hukunci yaƙi.

Battle of Poitiers

A nan, haɗuwar jama'a biyu. Ba Karl kuma Abd ar-Rahman bai yi kuskure to kai farmaki na farko, da kuma halin da ake ciki ya kasance siga ga wani mako. Duk wannan lokaci, ci gaba kananan horar - abokan adawar sun yi kokarin samun mafi matsayi. A karshe, cikin Larabawa yanke shawarar kai farmaki na farko a kan Oktoba 10, 732 shekara. A shugaban sojan doki ya kasance 'Abd al-Rahman.

Organization sojojin karkashin Charles Martell hada ƙwarai horo a lokacin da kowane bangare na sojojin amsa kamar yadda idan ta kasance daya. The yaki tsakanin bangarorin biyu ya na jini, da kuma a farko ba su ba da amfanin ba wanda kuma da sauran. By yamma, a kananan detachment na Franks kutsa a cikin wani roundabout hanyar zuwa sansanin na larabawa. Akwai da aka sa wata babbar adadin samarwa: kudi, mai daraja karafa da kuma sauran m albarkatun.

Moors a matsayin wani ɓangare na musulmi sojojin ji cewa wani abu ba daidai ba ne, kuma ya koma zuwa ga raya, kokarin buga fitar da makiya suka fito daga ko'ina ba. A wurin su dangane da Larabawa rata bayyana. Babban sojojin karkashin jagorancin Franks Martel dace lura da wani rauni da kuma kai hari.

A rawar daji da aka hukunci. Larabawa suka rarrabu, kuma daga gare su kewaye. Ciki har da soja shugaban Abd al-Rahman. Ya mutu kokarin warware baya a cikin sansanin. By dare da ƙungiya biyu suka haɗu rabu. Franks yanke shawarar cewa, kashegari sai suka karshe zai gama Musulmi. Duk da haka, da ya gane cewa yakin da aka rasa, da kuma a cikin dare zare jiki tsallake duhu daga mukaminsu. Duk da haka, da suka bar wata babbar jerin gwanon Kiristoci ganima.

Dalilan da Nasara francs

Battle of Poitiers yanke shawarar da sakamakon yakin. The Larabawa aka fitar daga Aquitaine da Charles, a maimakon haka, ya karfafa tasirin da take da nan. Ya sunan barkwanci, "Martell" ya samu shi ga nasara a Poitiers. Fassara yana nufin "beyar".

A nasara ya muhimmanci ba kawai domin ya na sirri burinsu. Lokaci ya nuna cewa bayan da shan kashi na Musulmi ba kokarin shiga kara shiga Turai. Su tsaya a Spain, inda suka yi mulki har da XV karni. Nasarorin da Kiristoci - shi ne har yanzu wasu effects na sake fasalin Karla Martella.

Karfi da sojojin, wanda ya tattara, ba su iya bayyana a kan tushen da haihuwa domin cewa wanzu a karkashin Merovingian. Land garambawul Karla Martella ya ba da ƙasar wani sabon m sojoji. Nasarar da aka halitta.

Mutuwa da darajar

A sake fasalin Karla Martella tafi a kan lokacin da ya mutu a cikin shekara 741. Aka binne shi a Paris da kyaun wurin ƙailũla na daya daga cikin Abbey coci na Saint-Denis. Magajin na fada sun bar da dama da 'ya'ya maza da nasara da iko. Hikima da manufofin da nasara yaki yarda da Franks jin lafiya kewaye da wani iri-iri na makwabta. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata na sake fasalin zai fi m sakamakon, a lõkacin da zuriya - Karl Veliky - shelar kansa sarki a cikin shekara 800, ta hanyar hada da wani babban bangare na yammacin Turai. A wannan da ya taimaka da sababbin abubuwa Martel, ciki har da sosai mulkin gargajiya aji, da sha'awar da tabbatarwa daga tsakiyar iko.