Knut Hamsun: biography da ayyukansu

Knut Hamsun - sanannen Norwegian marubuci impressionist, marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, mawãƙi, essayist da kuma wallafe-wallafen sukar lamiri. A 1920 ya lashe kyautar Nobel da littafinsa "Land Juices".

yara

Knut Hamsun aka haife shi a Lome (District Tsakiya Norway). Mahaifansa biyu (Peder Pedersen da Tora Oldsdatter) zaunar a kan wani karamin gona a Garmutrete. A Hamsun da biyu matasa, da 'yan'uwanku mãtã, da uku mazan' yan'uwansa.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 3 da haihuwa, da dukan iyalin koma Hamar. Akwai su takalman wata gona daga Hans Olsen (Hamsun kawun a kan mahaifiyarsa). A na gaba shekaru shida na rayuwar da marubuci ya faru a wani idyllic yanayi: ya herded shanu da kullum ganin darajarsa da kyau na snow-bugawa duwãtsu da Norwegian fjords.

Farm Rental ƙare ga iyali bashi bauta, kuma 9-shekara Knut tafi aiki ga kawunsa. Ya kasance mai ibada mutum wanda bai ba da shi don ya ci, kuma sau da yawa ta doke. A 1873, gaji da zagi, da yaron ya ruga zuwa gari da ke kusa, amma koma a shekara daga baya kuma samu aiki a wani gida shop.

A farko yanki

A 1875, saurayin ya zama wani tafiya mai sayarwa. Lokacin da ya ke ciyar da sama da zama, Knut Hamsun tsaya a birnin Buda kuma dauki wani mataimaki shoemaker. A sa'an nan da ya rubuta na farko labari "Mai ɗaurin Man". Sai aka buga a 1877, lokacin da yaron ya shekaru 18 da haihuwa.

Bayan shekara Hamsun sanar a makaranta, sa'an nan ya yanke shawarar zama mataimakin jami'in kotu. A cikin library, ya gana da ayyukan Scandinavian marubuta kamar Henrik Ibsen, Bernstern Bjornson, da dai sauransu A 1878, Knut ta fito da labari "Burger", inda babban harafin rubuta waqoqi game da wuya rayuwa. Duk da haka, ɗaukaka shi cewa ba ya aiki, da kuma aron kudi daga nurlanskogo m, ya tafi zuwa Oslo. A m shekaru, wani saurayi squanders duk kudi domin ba zai iya yin kudi rubuce. A sakamakon haka, Knut Hamsun zama hanya ma'aikacin.

Motsi zuwa Amurka da cuta

A 1882, shan haruffa daga m Norwegian baƙi, saurayin ya tafi Amurka. Amma alakokinsa bai isa ba, kuma ya gudanar a samu wani wuri laborer a Wisconsin. Daga baya, ya dauki matsayin da ya sakatarorin Norwegian bishara daga Minnesota. Ga Hamsun tsanani da rashin lafiya. Likitoci sun yanke shawarar cewa shi ne da tarin fuka, amma ganewar asali da aka ba tabbatar.

A 1884 ya koma Oslo inda duk bayyanar cututtuka da cutar (watakila mashako) sun bace. A nan sai ya rubuta game da aikin Mark Twain karkashin sunan Knut Gamsund (daga baya "e" ya daina wanzuwa saboda wani rubutu kuskure). Amma da ya wallafa aiki ba ƙara sama. Marubuci bala'i da a 1886 sake tafiya zuwa Amurka (Chicago), inda ya fara aiki a matsayin shugaba, kuma a lokacin rani na banza a cikin filayen na North Dakota.

A farko nasara

Disillusioned da rayuwa da kuma wallafe-wallafen fitattu, marubucin ya dawo zuwa Turai (Copenhagen) da kuma nuna daya daga cikin ayyukan Edvard Brandes qaddamar - da edita na yau da kullum jarida. Kuma damuwa marubuci, kuma wani sharhin, an ɗauko daga cikin labarin ya yi karfi ra'ayi a Edward. A 1890 da littafin da aka buga a Copenhagen, a kan murfin na wanda sported da kalmomin "Knut Hamsun" Yunwar "." Wannan labarin ya nuna bajinta da kuma sa marubucin suna a matsayin tsanani marubuci.

Labari "Yunwar"

A wannan aikin, Knut ƙi ba kawai a kan hadisai na accusatory hakikanci halayyar Scandinavian litattafan, amma kuma a kan rinjaye a lokacin da ra'ayin cewa adabi kamata inganta yanayin samuwar dan'adam. A gaskiya, da aiki yana da wani labarin kuma ya gaya labarin wani saurayi da suke zaune a Oslo da kuma mafarkin na zama mawallafa. To, ba shakka, cewa, labarin autobiographical da samfur na protagonist - Knut Hamsun. "Yunwar" ya samu Rave reviews daga sukar. Alal misali, Alrik Gustafson rubuta: "Yana da kamar Dostoevsky ta gwarzo, wanda ba shi da lafiya a jiki da kuma ruhu, jin naƙuda ta yunwa da kuma sa ciki rai a ci gaba da mafarki."

A babban harafin da samfurin shan wahala ba kawai daga rashin abinci, amma kuma daga rashin zaman lamba, rashin iyawa to kai-magana da jima'i rashin biyan bukata. M ya baiwa, ya fi son zuwa roƙonka fiye da ta yi watsi da mafarkai da kuma burinsu. Mutane da yawa sukar sun rubuta cewa gwarzo na rabu antihero tsammani da adabi na karni na 20th. Af, da labarin ne har yanzu Popular. Wannan ne evidenced da high mita na search tambaya, a lokacin da mutane bincika "Yunwar" (littafin). Knut Hamsun da aka sani a cikin 21st karni.

Ci gaba da kansa ra'ayi

Babu kasa muhimmanci shi ne cewa a farko nasara samfurin na marubuci ɓullo da wani takamaiman style. "Yunwar" da aka rubuta a takaice da kuma capacious phrases. A fili da kuma bayyana kwatancin gangan cike da koyaswa m kuma na ra'ayin wani. Samar da wani "yunwa" ya zo daidai da lokacin da Strindberg, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer da Hartmann bukaci kula da sume sojojin da mulkin mutum hali.

Own kayadadden manufar Knut Hamsun ta litattafan, wani kundin} asidu wanda za a iya saye a kusan duk wani kantin sayar da littattafai, tsara a wata muqala mai taken "Daga cikin tunaninsu da lamirinsu rai da rai." Wannan aiki ya bayyana a cikin wannan shekara a matsayin "Yunwar." A da shi marubucin watsi da haƙiƙa halaye na litattafan da miƙa zuwa nazarin "motsi na rai a cikin m sasanninta na tunaninsu da lamirinsu da kuma bincika cikin hargitsi na kwaikwayo."

Biyu da na uku Science

Na biyu nasara samfurin cewa rubuta Knut Hamsun - "Mystery." The labari ya gaya na wani quack, bayyana a cikin seaside kauyen da kuma gigice mutane na m hali. Kamar yadda a "Yunwar", marubucin sake amfani kayadadden hanya, da kuma shi aiki daidai, samar da littafin ta shahararsa.

"Pan", da aka buga a 1894, ya zama na uku nasara romance marubucin. Knut Hamsun, wanda biography yana cike da events, ya rubuta memoirs a cikin wani nau'i na Thomas Glan. Babban hali ne dan hanya zuwa m zama, kuma ya na zaune a waje da birnin a Nordland, tsunduma a kama kifi da farauta. By misalin da Rousseau, marubucin so ya nuna wa daba na dabi'a da kuma hypersensitive rayuka. Asar, sai murna protagonist Knut bayyana ta a daukaka bayanin yanayi da kokarin gano ya mutum da nurlanskoy kauyen. Rashin tsoro sha'awar ga Edward Thomas, bratty, spoiled 'yar wani m, Yãna halitta a cikin ransa real wani tunanin hargitsi, da kuma kyakkyawan take kaiwa zuwa kashe kansa.

A karo na hudu labari

Fourth monumental aikin da Knut Hamsun rubuta - "Juices na duniya" (da aka buga a 1917). A labari da shi nuna irin yanayi na 1911, lokacin da marubuci ya koma rayuwa a wata gona da ke a cikin rarrabuwa daga al'umma. Rubuta da babban so game da rayuwa na biyu Norwegian manoma Inger da Isak, wanda, duk da dukan matsaloli sun iya su kasance da aminci ga patriarchal hadisai da kuma keɓe kansa ga ƙasarsu. A 1920 shi ne bayar da ga wani aiki na Nobel Prize.

Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa akwai wani labari, wanda ya rubuta Knut Hamsun - "A 'ya'yan itatuwa a duniya." A gaskiya ma, su ne kuskure. Wannan kawai wani daban-daban translation na asali Norwegian sunan "Juice na cikin ƙasa."

Support fi sani da Naziyanci

Tare da shekaru, Knut ya zama ƙara reactionary. Tun da 1934, ya fito fili ya goyi bayan Nazis. Hamsun bai shiga Nazi jam'iyyar, amma ya tafi kasar Jamus don ganawa da Hitler. Lokacin da Jamus sun shagaltar da Norway, ya zo a da yawa daga pro-farkisanci articles, a karkashin abin da ya sa hannu "Knut Hamsun". Littafi marubuci an mayar da shi da dubban masu karatu a zanga-zangar.

The kama da fitina

A karshen yaki, ya aka kama tare da matarsa. A cikin fall na 1945, Hamsun aka sanya a cikin wani tabin hankali asibitin. Bayan watanni hudu da magani, ya aka canjawa wuri zuwa Landvik reno gida. Bayan shekaru biyu, da marubuci ya yi kokari da kuma same shi da laifin taimakawa da kuma abetting makiya. Har ila yau, an umurce su da su biya 425.000 Norwegian kroner. A gidan yari, Knut kauce masa saboda "ilimi ƙasƙanci."

karshe aiki

Makala "A cikin overgrown hanya" su ne na karshe aiki na marubuci. Tashin hankalin kopilsya littattafai da dama da suka gabata. Knut Hamsun (ambato daga ayyukansa za a iya karanta a kasa) ya so ya mayar da tsohon daukakar Scandinavians. Hitler ta magana game da tasowar da Nordic jinsi (musamman Norway) karfi da "waɗansu gwalmõmin" marubuci. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Hamsun imbued tare da akidar farkisanci da kuma kawai bayan shekaru gane nasa ba daidai ba. A cikin littafin "A cikin overgrown hanya," da Bulala ya gaya masa ban tausayi kuskure, amma ba ya roki gafara daga mutane. A marubuci ya taba gane nasa ba daidai ba.

mutuwa

Knut Hamsun, wanda biography da aka gabatar a wannan labarin, ya mutu a Estate Nornholm. A post-yaki bugu marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, ya fara bayyana a Norway kawai tun 1962: shi kawai a matsayin marubuci, amma ba zai gafarta matsayin jama'a adadi. A ƙarshe, za mu gabatar da shahararrun quotes daga marubucin daga cikin ayyukansa.

ambato

"Kada samun fushi a rayuwa. Babu bukatar zama m, m da kuma adalci zuwa rai. Zama rahama da kuma kai shi a karkashin kariya. Ba za ka iya kwatanta da abin da 'yan wasa da za a magance shi. "

"A rubuta - yana nufin gudanar da harkokin mulki a kan wani kotu."

"Ga duk Ni baƙo ne, don haka sau da yawa magana da kaina."

"The mafi girma shi ne wanda ya bada ma'anar su samuwar dan'adam, da kuma bar baya da wani gado ne."

"Mafi yawa daga cikin mai kyau ya wuce ba tare da wata alama, amma mugunta entails sakamakon."

"Daga benci ina ganin taurari, da kuma tunanina ake, ɗaukar up a cikin guguwa na duniya".

"Rayuwa - shi ne a kullum yaki tare da aljanu a kwakwalwarsa da kuma zuciya."