Kudi mafi tsada na Tsohon Rasha

Kowace jiha da ta tashi a duniyar nan a kowane tarihin tarihi, ƙarshe ya zo ga gaskiyar cewa yana bukatar wani abu fiye da musayar halitta. Ƙara karuwar cinikayya da fitowar manyan garuruwa sun tilasta masu mulki ko al'ummomi su sami hanyar yin la'akari da kayayyaki. Saboda haka, an kafa dangantaka ta kudaden kayayyaki.

Tsabar kudi na Ancient Rus 'ya bayyana a cikin Kiev sarauta a cikin lokaci a lõkacin da matasa jihar ya ji wajibcin rayuwa.

Kudi a cikin Kievan Rus kafin haɗin ginin su

Kafin kabilun Slavic da ke zaune a wata babbar majalisa - Kievan Rus, kasashen da ke da tarihin da suka wuce sun kasance suna ba da kudi ga ƙarni da dama kuma suna jagorantar cinikayya tsakanin juna da juna.

Karshe mafi girma na Rus, wanda aka samo a cikin ƙasa na Kiev mulkin mallaka, ya dawo zuwa karni na 3 zuwa AD. E. Kuma su ne Roman dinari. An gano irin waɗannan abubuwa a kan shafin da aka yi na tsohuwar ƙauyuka, amma Slavs sun yi amfani da su don biyan kuɗi ko don kayan ado, yayin da ba a sani ba. Tun da dangantakar cinikayya tsakanin kabilu sun kasance mafi yawan halayyar musayar, ba a taɓa nazarin darajar denari a wannan ƙasa ba.

Saboda haka, tsabar Ancient Rus kuna wani abu ne wanda ya dace da tarihin tarihin Rasha kamar Roman, Byzantine da kudi Larabci, da Marten zuwa martens, wanda aka saba amfani dashi don biyan haraji. Fur da fata sun dade daɗewa ne batun haɗin kuɗi-kudi a ƙasashen da dama.

Kasuwancin kuɗi a Kievan Rus ya fara zama minted kawai daga karshen karni na 10.

Kudi na Kievan Rus

Rubutun farko na Ancient Rus, wanda aka samo a cikin yankin Kiev, yana da hoton ɗan sarki a gefe ɗaya kuma yana da wata makamai masu kama da juna biyu. An yi su ne da zinariya da azurfa, don haka a cikin karni na 19, lokacin da ake nazarin tsabar kudi na dā da kuma bayyana su a cikin annals, an kira su "zlatniks" da "srebreniki."

Hoton Yarima Vladimir a kan tsabar kudi daga 980 zuwa 1015 yana da rubutun "Vladimir a kan tebur, da azurfa". A gefe na baya aka wakilci alamar Rurikovich, wanda aka gyara saboda wanda ya yi mulki.

A farkon azurfa da tsabar kudi na zamanin d Rasha, da kuma amfani da su da sunan "UAH" da su etymologies. Asalinsu wannan kalma nufi da azurfa bullion, daidai da kudin na daya doki (mane). A cikin shekarun waɗannan shekarun an ambaci sashen "azurfa hryvnia". Daga baya, lokacin da aka fitar da tsabar kudi daga wannan ƙarfe ya fara, sai ya fara jituwa da yawanta a cikin alamar kuɗi.

A ƙarƙashin Vladimir mai girma, zlatniks an yi minti, wanda yana da nauyin kilo 4.4 g, da srebreniki, nauyin nauyin daga 1.7 zuwa 4.68 grams. Bugu da ƙari, cewa waɗannan banknotes suna da tallace-tallace da cinikayya a cikin Kievan Rus, an kuma karɓa su waje da shi lokacin da suke lissafin kasuwanci. Karbar kuɗi na zamanin da aka yi a karkashin Yarima Vladimir, yayin da mabiyansa suka yi amfani da azurfa na musamman don wannan.

Hoton da aka yi a kan hoton Yarima Vladimir, kuma a baya, alamar kasancewa na daular Rurik, na siyasa ne, tun da yake ya nuna wa manyan batutuwa na mulkin dakarun da ke cikin kwanan nan.

Alamar Kuɗi na karni na 11 zuwa 13th

Bayan mutuwar Vladimir na Ancient Rus ya cigaba da zama dan uwansa Yaroslav (Novgorod Prince), wanda aka sani a cikin tarihi kamar Hikima.

Tun lokacin da Orthodoxy ya yada a ko'ina cikin kudancin Kiev, hakkokin da Yaroslav ya yi suna da hoton wani sarki, ba St. George, wanda Ubangiji ya ɗauki kansa. A baya daga cikin tsabar kudin, akwai har yanzu mai matukar mamaki kuma rubutun cewa azurfa ne Yaroslav. Bayan da ya fara mulki a Kiev, ginin ya daina, kuma hryvnia sun ɗauki nau'in rhombus na azurfa.

Asalin kuɗin na Ancient Rus (hoton da ke cikin ƙasa na Oleg Svyatoslavich) sune biyan kuɗi na shekaru 1083-1094, tun lokacin da ake kira tarihin tarihin wannan kasa marar rai. A wannan lokaci, an yanke shawarar gudanar da lissafi na hryvnia na azurfa, wanda a hakika ya kasance wani abu ne.

Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na hryvnia, babban bambanci ya kasance cikin nau'i da nauyi. Ta haka ne, Kiev hryvnia tana kama da rhombus tare da yanke ƙarshensa, nauyinsa shine ~ 160 g. A cikin tsari, akwai Chernigov (wani nau'in nau'in nau'i na yau da kullum da aka yi da ~ 195 g), Volga (launi 200 g), Lithuanian Novgorod (wani shinge mai laushi yana auna 200 g) hryvnia.

Ƙananan tsabar tsabar Ancient Rus har yanzu ya kasance daga asalin Turai, tun da ba a kashe azurfa akan kananan abubuwa ba. A zamanin Kiev mulkin mallaka, asusun kasashen waje sunaye sune - kull, nogata, da karni - kuma suna da sunayensu. Saboda haka, a cikin karni 11 da 12, 1 hryvnia an daidaita shi zuwa 20 koga 25 ko 25, kuma daga ƙarshen karni na 12 ya sami 50 nau'i ko 100. Wannan shi ne saboda yunkurin girma na Kievan Rus da kuma cinikayyar cinikayya tare da wasu ƙasashe.

Akwai ra'ayi na masana kimiyya cewa, karamin kuɗin da aka yi da konkoma karfin marten ne - coons, kuma squirrels su ne eyelids. Ɗaya daga cikin fata ya kasance daidai da kashi ashirin da biyar ko hamsin na hryvnia, amma tun daga karni na 12, biyan kuɗi na kanta ya zama maras amfani, tun da yake bin coons sun fara.

Harshen ruble

Tun daga karni na 12, a cikin kasuwar Kievan Rus ya fara bayyana kudi "yankakken," wanda aka yi daga azurfa hryvna. Ita sandar azurfa ne, wanda ya haɗa da sassa 4 "yankakken". Kowane irin wannan yanki yana da ƙuƙwalwa wanda yake nuna nauyinta kuma, bisa ga haka, kudin.

Kowace ruble za a iya raba kashi biyu, sa'annan an kira su "poltiny". Daga karni na 13, dukan hryvnia sun soma suna "ruble", kuma daga karni na 14 sun fara nuna alamar masarauta, sunayen sarakuna da alamomin daban.

An yi amfani da tsabar kudi na zamanin da ba kawai don biya kaya ba, har ma da biyan kuɗin da aka yi a cikin baitulmalin sarki. Don haka, saboda kisan mutum na 'yanci, azabtar ita ce mafi girman ma'auni - "vira", wanda zai iya kudin daga 5 hryvnia ta kowace rana kuma har zuwa 80 hryvnia ga mutumin kirki. Saboda raunin da ya faru, kotu ta kaddamar da hukuncin kisa akan rabi. "Poklepna" - mai kyau ga lalacewa - ya kasance 12 hryvnias.

Ana biyan biyan haraji ga ɗakin ajiyar mai suna "baka", kuma doka kanta, wadda Yaroslav mai hikima ta bayar, ta kasance "baka ga masu aminci", yana nuna yawan haraji da aka ba a kowace al'umma.

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Moscow

"Coinless" lokaci ya sheƙo zuwa tsakiyar Kievan Rus na 14th karni, a lokacin da sabon fara minting tsabar kudi, da aka sani da "kudi". Sau da yawa, a maimakon yin amfani da shi, an yi amfani da tsabar kudi na Golden Horde, wanda aka nuna alamomin Rasha. An kirkiro kananan tsabar kudi "rabin kuɗi" da kuma "quaternaries", da kuma jan karfe - wuraren waha.

A wannan lokaci, banknotes har yanzu ba su da sanannun ƙididdiga, ko da yake yawan kudi na Novgorod da aka yi tun 1420 ya riga ya kusa da wannan. Sun kasance sun yi minti fiye da shekaru 50 a cikin wani nau'i mai canzawa - tare da rubutun "Veliky Novgorod".

Tun 1425, "kudi Pskov" ya bayyana, amma tsarin kudi guda ne kawai aka kafa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 15, lokacin da aka karɓa nau'i biyu - Moscow da Novgorod. Dalili a kan darajar kuɗi shine ruble, wanda adadin ya zama daidai da 100 Novgorod da 200 Moscow kudi. An dauki nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin kuɗi na azurfa (204.7 g), wanda aka sanya nauyin kujerun gada 2.6.

Tun daga 1530 1 ruble ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙarshe, wanda har yanzu ana amfani dashi. Daidai ne da 100 kopecks, rabin cent - 50, da hryvnia - 10 kopecks. Mafi karamin kudi - altyn - ya kasance daidai da 3 kopecks, 1 kopek yana da denomination na 4 polushki.

An kashe rubles a Moscow, kuma kananan kuɗi a Novgorod da Pskov. A lokacin mulkin karshe na iyalin Rurikovich, Fyodor Ivanovich, an kwashe magunguna a Moscow. Kayan kuɗi sun sami nauyin nauyin da kuma hoton, wanda ke nuna tallafin tsarin kuɗi daya.

A cikin kwanakin Poland da Yaren mutanen Sweden, kudi ya sake rasa bayyanarsa, amma bayan da aka yi shela a 1613 na sarki Romanov, tsabar tsabar kudi ta samo asali da hotonsa. Tun karshen shekarar 1627 Moscow Mint ne kawai a cikin kasar.

Kayan kuɗi na sauran gwamnatoci

A lokuta daban-daban, shugabannin Rasha sun kashe kuɗin su. Mafi yawan rarraba tsabar kudi aka karɓa bayan da Dmitry Donskoy ya fitar da kuɗin farko, wanda ya nuna wani jarumi da takobi a dokinsa. An sanya su ne da azurfa na bakin ciki, wanda aka kwantar da shi a baya. Masters sunyi amfani da kayan aiki na musamman tare da siffar da aka shirya - mint, daga tasirin abin da akan azurfa, tsabar kudi iri ɗaya, ma'auni da samfurin.

Ba da daɗewa ba an zare takobin mahayin da mashin, kuma sunan tsabar kudin da wannan ya zama "dinari".

Bayan Donskoy, yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun fara sintin kuɗin su, suna nuna manyan sarakuna a kansu. Saboda wannan, rashin daidaito ne a fuskar kudi, wanda ya sa ciniki ya kasance da wuya, saboda haka, ban da Moscow, ana biye da shi wani wuri, kuma tsarin kudi daya ya bayyana a kasar.

Rezana

Bugu da ƙari ga duka, har yanzu akwai tsabar kuɗin da aka yi a Ancient Rus, wadda ake kira "yanke". An yi ta yankan dirham na Khalifanci na Abbasid. Ƙananan darajar "yanke" ya kasance daidai da 1/20 na hryvnia, kuma har ya zuwa karni na 12. Bacewar wannan kuɗin daga sararin Kievan Rus shi ne saboda cewa Khalifanci ya dakatar da dirhams, kuma "Kashi" ya maye gurbin Kuna.

Ƙidaya na Rasha na karni na 17

Tun 1654, babban kudi shine ruble, rabin cent, halfpolitin da altyn. A cikin karamin tsabar kudi babu bukatar.

Rubles a waɗannan kwanakin sun kasance da azurfa, da poltiny, kama da su, saboda bambancin da aka samu daga jan karfe. Halfpoles kuma sun kasance azurfa, da kuma kullun sun zama jan ƙarfe.

Don wannan kumbura ya jagoranci doka ta doka don ya danganta da kullun jan ƙarfe a farashi don azurfa, saboda abincin farashin abinci ya tashi kuma tashin hankali na mutane ya fara. Babban tashin hankali a shekara ta 1662 a Moscow, da ake kira "yunkuri na tagulla," ya kai ga gaskiyar cewa an soke dokar, kuma an sake dawo da kuɗin azurfa.

Gyarawa na Bitrus 1

A karo na farko da aka yi babban gyara na ainihi ta hanyar Peter Mai Girma a shekara ta 1700. Godiya ta Mint fara minting azurfa rubles, rabin ruble, polupoltin Altyn, hryvnia da kuma jan aninai. Daga zinariya yi chervontsy. A gare su, an samar da zinaren zinaren zinariya, wanda aka rubuta rubutun da kuma hotunan hoton.

Akwai sauƙi (nauyi - 3.4 g) da nau'in kaya guda biyu (6.8 g tare da hoton Bitrus 1 a kan kisa da kuma bishiyoyi biyu a kan baya). Har ila yau, a 1718 a karo na farko akwai tsabar kudin tare da siffar darajar fuska - wani ruble guda biyu.

Kusan ba a musanya ba, waɗannan sunaye har zuwa karni na 20.

Kudi na Kievan Rus a yau

A yau, akwai:

• Zlatnikov Vladimir - 11;

• Serebrenikov Vladimir - fiye da 250;
• Miliyoyin azurfa na Svyatopolk - kimanin 50;
• Harshen azurfa na Yaroslav Mai hikima - 7.

Kudi mafi tsada na Ancient Rus shine Vladimir zlatniki (fiye da $ 100,000) da kuma azurfa na Yaroslav Wise ($ 60,000).

Numismatics

Kimiyya da ke nazarin tsabar kudi ana kiransa numismatics. Mun gode da shi, masu tarawa zasu iya nazarin tarihin kudi da kudi. Mafi yawan tsabar kudi na Kievan Rus suna cikin tarihin gidajen tarihi na tarihi, inda baƙi za su iya fahimtar tarihin gine-ginen su da darajojin kasuwancin yau.