Kyautar Nobel ga adabi: jerin. Nobel Prize Wallafe-wallafe da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Rasha

The Nobel Prize da aka kafa ta industrialist, kirkiro da kuma sinadaran injiniya daga Sweden, Alfred Nobel, kuma aka mai suna a cikin girmamawa. An dauke da mafi babbar a duniya. Yabon sami lambar zinariya, wanda ya nuna AB Nobel diploma da wani rajistan ga wani babban Jimlar. A karshen da aka hada da riba size, wanda ya karbi Nobel Foundation. A 1895, Alfred Nobel sanya nufinsa, da wanda ta ke babban birnin kasar da aka sanya a cikin shaidu, hannun jari da kuma bashin. Income cewa kawo wadannan kudi a kowace shekara da aka raba daidai a cikin biyar sassa da kuma zama kyauta ga nasarori a biyar yankunan: sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, Physiology ko magani, adabi da kuma ga ayyukan inganta zaman lafiya.

A farko Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe da aka bayar da su 10 Disamba 1901, kuma ya tun da aka bayar a shekara a kan wannan rana, shi ne ranar tunawa da Nobel ta mutuwa. Awarding na nasara faruwa a Stockholm da Swedish sarki. Bayan samun kyautar na Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe yabon da 6 watanni ya sadar da wani lacca a kan batun aikinsu. Wannan shi ne wani ba makawa sharadin samun kyautar.

A yanke shawara game da wanda aka bayar da Nobel Prize a Wallafe-wallafe, da Sweden Academy na'am, tushen a Stockholm, kazalika da Nobel kwamitin kanta, wadda aka karanta daga kawai yawan masu nema, ba tare da ambata sunayensu. A hanya kanta ne zabi na tallace, wanda ya haddasa wani lokacin fushi sukar da detractors iƙirarin cewa kyautar da aka ba ga dalilai na siyasa maimakon ga wallafe-wallafen nasarori. Babban shaida, wadda aka bayar a cikin shaida - An bypassed premium Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bohres Joyce. Duk da haka, cikin jerin daga cikin mawallafa sun samu ne har yanzu ban sha'awa. Na Rasha Nobel Prize lashe for Wallafe-wallafe Prize - biyar marubuta. Žara koyo game kowane daga cikinsu, ga kasa.

The Nobel Prize a Wallafe-wallafe 2014 aka bayar da 107 sau, shi ne Patrick Modiano, Faransa marubuci kuma screenwriter. Wancan ne, tun 1901, da masu lambobin yabo ne 111 marubuta (domin sau hudu ta aka bayar da biyu mawallafa a lokaci guda).

Don lissafa duk masu cin nasara da kuma samun Masana kowane daga cikinsu - yana da quite lokaci mai tsawo. A mafi shahara da kuma ziyarci Nobel Prize for adabi da kuma ayyukansu suna miƙa ka da hankali.

1. William Golding, 1983

William Golding ya karbi lambar yabo ga ya shahara litattafan, wanda a cikin aikinsa, akwai 12. A mafi yawan sanannun, "Ubangijin Kudaje" da kuma "The magada" suna daga cikin mafi kyau-sayar da littattafai da aka rubuta ta hanyar Nobel yabon. The labari "Ubangijin Kudaje", saki a 1954, ya kawo duniya daraja ga marubuci. Masu sukar sau da yawa kwatanta shi da labari "The catcher a cikin hatsin rai" ta JD Salinger digiri na da muhimmancin ga ci gaban wallafe-wallafe da kuma na zamani da tunani a general.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

Nobel Prize for adabi - ba kawai maza amma kuma mata. Wadannan sun hada da Toni Morrison. Wannan American marubuci haife shi a wani aiki aji iyali a Ohio. Shiga jami'a a Howard University, inda ta yi karatu adabi da harshen Turanci, ta fara rubuta ayyukansa. A farko shine, "The Bluest Eye" (1970), aka rubuta kan wani labarin sanya up for ta jami'a da'irar marubuta. Shi ne daya daga cikin rare ayyuka na Toni Morrison. Wani daga ta labari, "Sula," da aka buga a shekarar 1975, aka zabi ga National Littafi Award Amurka.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

Steinbeck da ya fi shahara da ayyuka - "Gabas da Eden," "The Inabi na fushi da shi," "Daga Mice kuma Men." A 1939, labari "The Inabi na hushi" zama bestseller, da sayar da fiye da 50,000 kofe, da kuma a yau adadin su ne fiye da miliyan 75. Har 1962, marubucin aka zabi ga kyautar sau takwas, kuma ya yi tunani kansa da bai dāce da irin wannan lambar yabon. Kuma da yawa Amurka sukar lura cewa daga baya litattafan da yawa weaker fiye da na baya, da kuma mayar da martanin barnatar game da wannan bikin. A shekarar 2013, a lokacin da suka declassified wasu takardu na Swedish Academy (wanda ana sa a hankali tsare sirri na tsawon shekaru 50), ya bayyana cewa marubucin aka bayar, domin shi ne a cikin wannan shekara ta "mafi kyau a bad kamfanin."

4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954

Wannan marubuci yana daya daga cikin tara kyautar lashe adabi, wanda ta aka bayar ba domin aikin a matsayin dukan kuma ga takamaiman samfurin, wato labari "The Old Man da kuma Rum." Yana da wani aiki na farko da aka buga a shekara ta 1952, kawo marubuci na gaba, 1953, da kuma wani babbar kyauta - ta Pulitzer Prize.

A wannan shekarar Nobel kwamitin Hemingway kunshe a cikin jerin 'yan takara, amma da lashe kyautar zama a wannan lokaci, Winston Churchill, wanda a wannan lokacin ya riga ya juya 79 years old, kuma shi aka haka ya yanke shawarar ba a ci gaba da lambar yabo na Nobel. Kuma Ernest Hemingway ne cancanta lashe kyautar a gaba, 1954.

5. Gabriel García Márquez, 1982

Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe a 1982, na kunshe a cikin lambobin na Gabriel García Márquez. Shi ne na farko marubuci daga Colombia wanda sãka musu da Swedish Academy. Da littattafanSa, tsakanin wanda ya kamata mu haskaka da "Chronicle of a Mutuwa annabta", "Autumn na sarki" da "Love a cikin Lokaci na kwalara," ya zama mafi kyau-sayar da ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin Spanish, a cikin tarihi. The labari "da shekara ɗari daya daga kawaicin da nake yi" (1967), wanda shi ne wani Nobel Prize lashe, Pablo Neruda, da ake kira mafi girma bayan Cervantes ' "Don Quixote" labari halitta, a cikin Spanish, aka fassara a cikin fiye da 25 harsuna, da kuma janar wurare dabam dabam na samfurin da aka fiye da 50 miliyan kofe.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe a 1969, aka bayar da wa Sama'ila Beckett. A Irish marubuci ne daya daga cikin shahararrun wakilan zamani. Shi ne ya yi, tare da Ezhenom Ionesku kafa sanannen "wasan kwaikwayo na m." Semyuel Bekket rubuta ayyukan da ya yi a cikin harsuna biyu - Turanci da Faransanci. Mafi shahara yaro ya alkalami ya cikin play "Jiran Godot", rubuta a Faransa. Aiki wadannan mãkirci. Babban haruffa a ko'ina cikin play sa ran wata Godot, wanda ya sa wasu ji a su zama. Duk da haka, ya ba su bayyana, don haka mai karatu ko kallo yana yanke shawara cewa shi ya ga image.

Beckett ya m na wasa dara, dadin nasarar da mata, amma kai a wajen secluded rayuwa. Ko zo bikin, ya bai yarda da Nobel Prize, aika a wurin aba'a Jerome Lindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe a shekarar 1949, ya tafi William Faulkner. Ya kuma da farko ki je Stockholm ga kyautar, amma a karshen ya rinjayi 'yar zuwa gare shi. Shugaban Amurka Dzhon Kennedi aiko shi da wani gayyatar zuwa abincin dare shirya a daraja na Nobel Prize. Duk da haka, Faulkner, rayuwarsa dauki kansa "wani marubuci kuma wani manomi", a kansa kalmomi, ya ki yarda da gayyatar, ambatawa tsufa.

A mafi shahara da kuma rare litattafan da marubucin ne "Sound da Fury" da kuma "Kamar yadda na some." Amma nasarar da waɗannan ayyuka bai zo nan da nan, na dogon lokaci, da suka wuya sayar. The labari "The Sound da Fury," da aka buga a shekara ta 1929, a karo na farko shekaru 16 bayan da littafin da aka sayar a wurare dabam dabam na dubu uku kofe. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1949, lokacin da na samu na Nobel Prize marubucin, wannan labari ya kasance wani tsari na gargajiya adabi of America.

A shekarar 2012 a Birtaniya fito na musamman edition wannan aikin, a cikin abin da rubutu da aka buga a cikin 14 launi daban-daban, da aka yi a request na marubuci ga mai karatu ya lura da daban-daban lokaci jirage. Limited edition labari zambar kawai 1,480 kofe da kuma sayar nan da nan bayan da saki. Yanzu da kudin na wannan rare littafin bugu da aka kiyasta a game da 115 dubu rubles.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe, a 2007, aka bayar da Doris Lessing. Wannan marubuci kuma mawãƙi daga Birtaniya samu wani lambar yabo a cikin shekaru 88 da shekaru da haihuwa da kuma ya zama ma'abũcin shi. Ta kuma zama ta goma sha ɗaya mace (13), ya lashe kyautar Nobel.

Lessing basu da yawa shahararsa tsakanin sukar tun da wuya ta rubuta a kan batutuwa da suka shafi latsa zamantakewa al'amurran da suka shafi, shi ne sau da yawa ma da ake kira farfaganda Sufi da koyarwarsa, da wa'azi renunciation na abubuwan duniya. Duk da haka, bisa ga mujallar The Times, wannan marubucin daukan biyar wuri a cikin jerin 50 mafi girma Birtaniya marubuta, da aka buga bayan shekarar 1945.

A mafi m aiki na Doris Lessing dauke da labari "The Golden Littafin Rubutu", saki a 1962. Wasu masu sukar sanyã shi zuwa samfurori na gargajiya dandalin mata litattafan, amma ainihin marubuci da wannan ra'ayi ra'ayi.

9. Alber Kamyu, 1957

Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe, kuma ya karbi Faransa marubuta. Daya daga cikinsu, wata marubuciya, 'yar jarida, essayist, na Algeria asalin, Alber Kamyu, shi ne "Yammacin lamiri." Ya fi shahara aikin da aka buga a 1942 a Faransa, da labarin "The mai zuwa na baya". Turanci translation, tallace-tallace fara da aka sanya a shekarar 1946, da kuma riga a cikin 'yan shekaru, yawan kofe sayar da aka fiye da miliyan 3.5.

Albera Kamyu sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin wakilan rayuwa, amma bai yarda da wannan, kuma karfi da hana irin wannan definition. Saboda haka, a cikin wani jawabin a Nobel Prize, ya lura da cewa, a cikin aikinsa nemi su "kauce wa blatant ƙarya da tsayayya da zalunci."

10. Elis Manro, 2013

A shekarar 2013, aka kebe na Nobel Prize for adabi hada a jerin Elis Manro. Wakilin Canada, wannan novellistka shahara a cikin Genre na gajeren labarin. Rubuta su, sai ta fara da wuri, tare da matashi shekaru, duk da haka, na farko tarin ta aiki a karkashin sunan "farin ciki dance na inuwõyinsu" da aka buga kawai a 1968, a lokacin da marubucin ya riga ya juya shekaru 37 da haihuwa. A shekarar 1971, ya bayyana na gaba tarin, "rayuwar 'yan mata da kuma mata," wanda masu sukar yi kira "labari na ilimi". Ta sauran wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu sun hada da littattafai: "Kuma wanda kake, a gaskiya, shi ne cewa?" "The gudun hijira," "Jupiter ta tauraron dan adam", "Too yawa farin ciki." A cewar daya daga cikin tarin, "The ƙiyayya, abota, courtship, soyayya, aure," da aka buga a 2001, ko da ya tafi wani Kanad film da ake kira "daga kanta", da umarni Sara Polli. Mafi m littafin marubucin yana dauke da "Road of Life" da aka buga a 2012.

Munro ne sau da yawa ake kira "Canadian Chekhov", a matsayin styles daga wadannan marubuta ba su daidaita. Kamar Rasha marubuci, shi ne halin da m hakikanci da kuma tsabta.

Nobel Prize Wallafe-wallafe na Rasha

A ranar, da kambun da lambar yabo ne biyar Rasha marubuta. A farko daga cikin wadannan shi ne yabon I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

Yana da wani sanannun Rasha marubuci kuma mawãƙi, a master of idon basira litattafan, shi ne wani girmamawa memba na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. A 1920, Ivan hijira zuwa Faransa, da kuma lokacin da ba da lambar yabo lura da cewa Swedish Academy yi sosai jaruntaka, awarding marubuci-hijira. Daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka jera kuma wani Rasha marubuci, Maxim Gorky, duk da haka, sun fi mayar saboda a sake a buga ta cikin lokaci da littafin "The Life of Arseniev" tipped da Sikeli har yanzu zuwa Ivan wannan shekara ta kyautar.

Da farko waqe Bunin fara rubuta a cikin shekaru 7-8 shekaru. Daga baya, daga ya shahara ƙwarai: labari "The Village", wani tarin "Suhodol", da littafin "John Rydalets", "The Gentleman daga San Francisco", da dai sauransu A 20s suka rubuta. "Rose Yariko" (1924) da kuma " bugun zafin rana "(1927). Kuma a 1943 shi zo da haske saman kerawa na Ivan Alexandrovich, tarin labaru "Dark lungu". Wannan littafi da aka sadaukar domin kawai daya topic - son shi "duhu" da kuma duhu gefe, kamar yadda marubucin ya rubuta a daya daga cikin haruffa.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe daga Rasha a shekarar 1958 a hada a cikin jerin Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. A mawãƙi aka bayar da kyauta a cikin wannan mawuyacin lokaci. Ya aka tilasta watsi da shi a karkashin barazana da Rasha links. Duk da haka, da Nobel kwamitin ya bayyana gazawar da Pasternak matsayin tilasta, a 1989, ya mika wata lambar yabo da wata diploma bayan da marubuci ta mutuwa ɗansa. Shahararren labari "Doctor Zhivago" ne mai gaskiya ne m wasiya Pasternak. Wannan aikin da aka rubuta a shekarar 1955. Alber Kamyu, ya lashe a shekara ta 1957, ya ce wannan labari tare da sha'awa.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

A shekarar 1965 M. A. Sholohovu aka bayar da Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe. Rasha ta sake tabbatar da duniya cewa shi yana da talented marubuta. Ya fara wallafe-wallafen aiki a matsayin wakilin hakikanci, depicting babban sabani na rayuwa, Sholokhov, duk da haka, a wasu ayyukan da aka kama gurguzu igiyoyin. A lokacin Nobel Mihail Aleksandrovich magana Prize, wanda ya lura da cewa a cikin rubuce-rubucen nemi su yabe "da al'umma ta ma'aikata, magina da heroes."

A 1926 ya fara babbar labari "Kuma shuru gudana cikin Don", da kuma kammala shi a 1940, tun kafin ya aka bayar da Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe. Sholokhov ta ayyukan da aka buga guda, ciki har da "shuru gudana cikin Don". A 1928, godiya a sashi don inganta A. S. Serafimovicha, wani aboki na Michael, latsa da kashi na farko. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da girma da aka buga a shekara. The uku da aka buga a cikin shekaru 1932-1933, yana da, tare da taimako da kuma goyon baya na Gorky. A karo na hudu kuma na karshe, da aka buga a 1940. Wannan labari yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Rasha, kuma ga duniya wallafe-wallafe. An fassara zuwa harsuna da yawa, shi ya zama tushen ga sanannen opera Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, kazalika da yawa Theatrical productions da kuma fina-finai.

Wasu, duk da haka, da ake zargi da plagiarism Sholokhov (ciki har da A. I. Solzhenitsyn), la'akari da cewa wani babban ɓangare na aikin da aka sake rubutawa daga cikin rubuce-rubucen F. D. Kryukova, a Cossack marubuci. Sauran masu bincike sun tabbatar da marubucinsa Sholokhov.

Bugu da kari ga wannan aikin, halitta da kuma Sholokhov "Virgin Kasar gona Upturned" a 1932, a aikin narrating tarihin collectivization a Cossack yanayi. A shekarar 1955 ya zo na farko babi na biyu girma, kuma ya gama karshe a farkon shekarun 1960s.

uku labari da aka buga a cikin marigayi 1942, "Su yi yaƙi domin su kasa."

4. Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970

The Nobel Prize a Wallafe-wallafe a shekarar 1970, aka bayar da su A. I. Solzhenitsynu. Aleksandr Isaevich yarda da shi, amma a awards bikin halarci bai yi kuskure, saboda yana jin tsoron Soviet gwamnati, wanda daukarsa da shawarar da Nobel kwamitin a matsayin "siyasa maƙiya." Solzhenitsyn ji tsõron ya iya ba koma gida bayan wannan tafiya, duk da Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe a shekarar 1970, ya samu, tada girma na kasar mu. A aikinsa, ya taɓa kaifi zamantakewa da siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi, rayayye yi yaƙi da kwaminisanci da ta ra'ayoyi da kuma manufofin Soviet iko.

Daga cikin babban ayyukan Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna hada da: "Wata rana Ivana Denisovicha" (1962), da labarin "Matryona", labari "The First Circle" (rubuta daga 1955 zuwa 1968), "The Gulag tarin tsiburai" (1964-1970). A farko da aka buga aiki shi ne gajeren labarin "Wata rana a cikin Ivana Denisovicha", wanda ya bayyana a cikin mujallar "New World". Wannan ɗaba'ar taso da babban amfani da yawa martani daga masu karatu, wanda wahayi zuwa ga marubuci don ƙirƙirar "The Gulag tarin tsiburai." A shekarar 1964, na farko labarin Aleksandra Isaevicha aka bayar da Lenin Prize.

Duk da haka, a shekara daga baya, ya rasa wurin da Soviet hukumomi, da kuma ayyukan da ya dakatar da buga. Littafinsa "The Gulag tarin tsiburai", "A farko Circle" da "Cancer Ward" da aka buga a kasashen waje, domin wanda a shekara ta 1974 da marubuci da aka hana na dan kasa, kuma ya tilasta su yi hijira. Kawai shekaru 20 daga baya, ya ya iya komawa gida. A 2001-2002, akwai babban aiki na Solzhenitsyn ta "shekara ɗari biyu Tare". Aleksandr Isaevich mutu a 2008.

5. Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Kambun na Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe a shekarar 1987, ya shiga sahu I. A. Brodskim. A shekara ta 1972, da marubuci ya tilasta su yi hijira zuwa Amurka, don haka a duk duniya kundin sani ko da ya kira shi American. Daga cikin marubutan da suka karbi Nobel Prize, shi ne auta. Ya lyrics, ya conceptualized duniya a matsayin al'adu da kuma tarin zahirin mahaluži, da kuma nuna iyakance ji mutum a matsayin batu na ilmi.

Iosif Aleksandrovich rubuta ba kawai a Rasha amma kuma a cikin harshen Turanci shayari, makala, da wallafe-wallafen zargi. Nan da nan bayan buga a West na farko da littafin, a shekarar 1965, Brodsky zo duniya daraja. Daga cikin mafi kyau littattafai na marubucin ne: "kwata m", "Part na Jawabin", "Landscape tare da wani ruwan tsufana," "The End of a Beautiful Era", "Tsaya a hamada" da sauransu.