Live kwayoyin ga Gut: sunan. Ma'ana daga kwayoyin cuta a cikin rayuwar mutum

Mafi ne kananan da ganuwa zuwa ido tsirara, mazaunan duniya tamu - shi ne mai microscopic kwayoyin, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta. A yawa daga gare su, da adadin zuwa biliyoyin. Rawar da suka taka a cikin yanayi da kuma rayuwar mutum ne daban-daban, kima dabam daga m ta hanyar tsaka tsaki to korau. Ka yi la'akari da abin da wakilan da kwayoyin cuta sun koyi rayuwa a kusa lamba tare da mutum kwayoyin, da kuma yadda muhimmanci su ne.

Kwayoyin cutar - rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Waɗannan su ne mafi tsoho mazaunan duniya ne guda-celled kwayoyin na microscopic size. An sani cewa kimanin lokacin da ya faru - biliyan 3.5 da suka wuce. Na dogon lokaci baya daga gare su ba sauran halittu masu rai a duniya ba. Kawai sai ya fara wani m aiwatar da juyin halitta, da kuma rayuwa ta fara fure a duk da bambancin.

Al'ummar duniya ta koya da yawa game da kwayoyin cuta ne kawai a cikin XVII karni, ta hanyar ayyukan Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Shi ne wannan masanin kimiyya ƙirƙira farko magnification, ta hanyar da ka iya ganin wadannan kananan halittu.

C ya tara babba msar tambayar abu, tabbatar da m bincike a kan lokaci. Mutane ya zama akwai bayanai a kan yadda za a kama microbes, wanda suna da tsari, shi aka ƙaddara tamanin da kwayoyin cuta a cikin rayuwar mutum.

tsarin fasali

Saboda haka, shi ya bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta - a prokaryotic kwayoyin, watau, ba dauke da matsayin wani ɓangare na da keji bayar da tsakiya. Bugu da kari, su ne halin da dama daga cikin wadannan siffofin a cikin phenotype da ciki tsarin:

1. A jikin siffar iya zama daban-daban: siffar zobe (coccus), rodlike (bacillus) a cikin nau'i na hõre nunannun 'ya'yan inabi (staphylococci), vibrio, spirillum, da sauransu.
2. Akwai iya zama guda, amma sau da yawa haifar da gaba dayan mazauna.
3. Launi a mafi yawan lokuta ba su da, amma wasu siffofin iya zama kyakkyawan shunayya, ko kore. Mafi sau da yawa stained mazauna ne saboda saki a cikin yanayi na musamman pigments.
4. A kayyade abu a cikin cell ƙunshi cikin jigidar halittar DNA da aka rarraba a tsakiyar tsarin.
5. The motsi a cikin sarari a kudi na flagella, gas vacuoles ko mucous kwantena jiki shafi.
6. Wajen jiki da aka rufe da wani cell bango da kwantena, wanda aka shirya a karkashin duk kwayoyin halitta.
7. Tsarin sassa na sel kama da suke samuwa a cikin dabba, inji Tsarin. Kadarorin ne carbohydrate ko sia droplet inclusions aiki makamashi aiki.
8. Maimakon a cikin cell nucleus din ne ba nucleoid kunsha na DNA tufka.

A gaskiya live kwayoyin da quite mai ban sha'awa tsarin. Salon wadannan kananan kwayoyin halitta suna kuma kira kona son sani na masana kimiyya a duniya. Ta hanyar da aikin mutãne ya samu damar yin amfani da sabon bayani cewa shi ne babu shakka na bayar da muhimmanci ga kimiyya a matsayin dukan kuma da mutum sassa. A ikon yinsa, daga wannan labarin ba da damar a tattauna dukan wa] annan al'amurran, a more daki-daki. Saboda haka, za mu mayar da hankali kawai a kan janar ra'ayin wadannan kwayoyin, da kuma mayar da hankali a kan rawar da suka taka da kuma muhimmanci a rayuwar mu.

Hoton na kwayan rai

Godiya ga m unpretentiousness zuwa mazauninsu yanayi, da kwayoyin cuta sun iya yada a duk faɗin duniya. Ga waɗannan ba, kuma bã cikas sanyi ba, kuma ba ma high yanayin zafi ko acidic ko asali, ƙasa, gwargwado. Kwayoyin cutar, photos na wanda za a iya samu a wani labarin zauna:

• ruwa.
• iska.
• ƙasa.
• zafi thermal marẽmari.
• hamada.
• snow da kankara;
• anoxic habitats.

A fili yake cewa yaduwar wadannan halittu ko'ina. Yana da wuya a sami a kalla abu daya a cikin wani yanayin da kwayoyin cuta ba hadu. Ko da kyau spring ruwa ya ƙunshi su a cikin manyan isa yawa.

Rayuwa na kwayoyin an rage wa da muhimman hakkokin matakai: abinci mai gina jiki, haifuwa, motsi a cikin search na abinci, da kwarewa na m yanayi. Kamar yadda da dukan guda-celled, sauran raga na zama, su yi ba.

By hanyar ciyar, cewa an, makamashi sha, suka kasu kashi:

• autotrophs.
• heterotrophs.

Na farko da kungiyar hada daban-daban kwayoyin. Hotuna za a iya gani a kasa. A general, daga gare su akwai irin wadannan kungiyoyi.

1. Photosynthetic - kansu tara makamashi daga rana ta photosynthesis.
2. Hemosintetiki - oxidized inorganic fili (sulfur, nitrogen, da baƙin ƙarfe) da kuma maimaita su a cikin organics.
3. Methane ko methylotrophs - yin amfani da makamashi daga hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbonaceous abu zuwa ga viability.

Heterotrophic jinsunan cinye shirye-sanya kwayoyin mahadi. Don samun wadannan kwayoyin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda haka, za mu iya bambanta uku kungiyoyin na heterotrophic kwayoyin:

• saprophytes - bazu ragowar matattu shuke-shuke da dabbobi.
• symbionts - shiga moriyar co-zama tare da mai shi;
• parasites - qeta da kuma hallakaswa siffofin kiwon lafiya na rundunar.

Shi ne kuma m aiki na kwayoyin cuta ne wani alama - sporulation. A lokacin musamman m yanayi a cikin cell ne iya dakatar da duk matakai na rayuwa kuma da jũna a fada barci, ya rufe tare da wani m harsashi. Wannan yanayin da aka kira wani spore. Tun da jiki iya rayuwa shekaru da dama, kasancewa a jiran dama muhalli da yanayi. A spores ne musamman resistant zuwa daskarewa da kuma thermal jiyya har na dogon lokaci.

don mutum

Gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin a cikin tambaya - mu m sahabbai duk rayuwarka, an samu a lokaci daya. A manyan rawa a kafa wannan hujja taka leda I. I. Mechnikov. Shi ya gudanar da wani jerin mahara nazarin tabbatar da bayar da muhimmanci na kwayoyin cuta a cikin rayuwar mutum.

Sai dai itace cewa mu fata, da mucous membranes na hanci da baki, na ciki na da gastrointestinal fili, da pelvic gabobin - duk wadannan Tsarin suna densely lugar da siffofin daban-daban na kwayoyin. Suna taimaka mana mu yi yãƙi cututtuka, zuwa nike abinci, su tsarkake kansu daga ciki. Kansu maimakon samun mai kyau rai yanayi da kuma abinci mai gina jiki. Watau, rayuwa kwayoyin a cikin mutum zaune tare da shi a kusa da symbiosis.

Idan gaji da damuwa da na halitta hanji Flora, fata, ciki da kuma sauran gabobin, da mutane ci gaba da mahara cututtuka, sau da yawa abin da ke faruwa a cikin mai tsanani form. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa masana kimiyya, likitoci da kuma kwayoyin sun kasance halitta probiotics. Yana damuwa live kwayoyin wasu irin, cewa zai iya bauta wa zuwa replenish da kuma mayar da na halitta microflora.

Wannan darajar da aka ba iyakance zuwa prokaryotes. Man yana amfani da su a da aikin noma, masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, sarari masana'antu, kimiyya da fasaha, Biosynthesis da ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da yawa wasu filayen.

Live kwayoyin ga Gut: sunan

Idan muka magana game da takamaiman iri data microbes cewa zauna cikin mutum a ciki, abu na farko da ya zama tantance mafi "arziki" da wuri - da hanjinsu. Yana da wannan jiki hada da dama rarrabuwa da kuma isa wani tsawon (a cikin balagaggu) zuwa 12 m, shi ne cikakken gida ga wani iri-iri na wakilan prokaryotes.

Akwai biyu main iri, kunsha da dama iyalai da kuma wani iri-iri iri da kuma damuwa da cewa ba kawai zauna da ya ce jiki da kuma suke da muhimmanci ga kowane mutum. Wannan shi ne wani live kwayoyin da hanji, da HALITTAR sunan wanda aka furta a Rasha a matsayin Lactobacillus da bifidobaktrium.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwa tafiyar matakai na hanji. Saboda haka, mu yi la'akari da su a cikin daki-daki.

Kwayoyin cutar na HALITTAR Lactobacillus: halayyar da darajar

Live kwayoyin ga hanji, da sunan HALITTAR Lactobacillus wanda sauti kamar - wadannan ne na halitta mazaunan hanji microflora a karkashin al'ada yanayi. Bã su da wani m sakamako a kan sauran yanayin jiki, saboda:

• da fatar sama da aiki na da yawa muhimmanci enzymes da kuma sunadarai da hannu a rigakafi tafiyar matakai.
• yi aiki a matsayin antagonists zuwa pathogenic microbes, kawar da jiki daga yawan guba.
• hanzarta warkar (regenerative) matakai a cikin mucous membranes, da sauransu.

Yana da wadannan kwayoyin cuta suna amfani a yi na kiwo kayayyakin. Wannan shi ne, su damuwa kunshe a cikin Starter al'adu iri-iri da gine for:

• live yoghurt.
• yogurt.
• yogurt.
• cocktails da kuma sauran kayayyakin.

Species wannan HALITTAR ne da yawa prokaryotes. Saboda haka, tebur da aka gabatar a kasa. A kwayoyin wannan taxon, wanda rayuwa a ciki a hanjinsu, za a kunshe a cikin jerin wakilan, tare da sunansa.

lactobacillus Reuter

Yana zama sane da su kawai a cikin XX karni. Duk da haka, gudanar da bincike da masana kimiyya daga wasu kasashe sun nuna cewa wadannan kwayoyin wani bangare ne na gastrointestinal fili na dabbobi masu shayarwa. A cikin mutane da wani gagarumin ɓangare na microflora ne ma hada da damuwa da wannan nau'in.

Lactobacillus Reuter - wani live kwayoyin da hanji, wanda ya ba da sunan Jamus microbiologist, da farko ware da kuma gano da su tribal akidar ga lactobacilli. Su muhimmanci shi ne guda a matsayin cewa dukan mazaunan hanjinsu na sama.

Bulgarian yoghurt a matsayin tushen "Lactobacillus bulgaricus"

Wannan jiki da aka gano sanannen immunologist I. I. Mechnikovym. Shi ne ya yi farko kusantar da hankali ga gaskiyar yadda amfani kayayyakin halitta a kan tushen rai na wannan kwayoyin.

Mene ne amfanin?

1. Inganta aiki na hanjinsu.
2. Ƙarfafa tsarin na rigakafi.
3. Development of amfani microelements da kuma amino acid.
4. M laxative effects.
5. Tsarkakewa na pathogenic bacilli.

Bifidobacteria: halaye da kuma darajar

Don wannan HALITTAR ne live kwayoyin cuta, wadda suke da wadannan sunayen:

• angulatum.
• animalis.
• asteroidus.
• bifidum.
• longum.
• magnum.
• Subtitle da sauransu.

Kawai game da 35 jinsin kwayoyin. Sune mafiya yawa na hanji kwayoyin cuta (game da 80-90% na jimlar nauyin occupants). The darajar da wadannan:

1. A tabbatarwa da homeostasis.
2. Karfafa da kuma samuwar rigakafi.
3. Development bitamin da kuma enzymes.
4. Restoration of al'ada microflora.
5. Active hannu a cikin metabolism.

"Bifidobaktrium animalis"

Sun hada da biyu subtypes kuma da dama damuwa kwayoyin sanda-dimbin yawa, dan kadan lankwasa form. Dauki wani aiki sashi a daidaita da hanji, don haka amfani da ko'ina a samar da daban-daban probiotics da kwayoyi, kazalika da abinci.

"Bifidobaktrium bifidum" - antagonist

Babban mataki dogara ne a kan antagonistic Properties. Wadannan kwayoyin suna iya hana pathogenic kwayoyin cuta da kuma mayar da jiki zuwa aiki kullum. Har ila yau, taimaka wa da tabbatarwa daga rigakafi, tun amfanin bitamin, enzymes da sunadarai na gina jiki iya phagocytosis na waje jikinsu.

Rawar da kwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayi

Shi ne haƙĩƙa muhimmanci da kuma multifaceted. Duk da haka, za mu iya gane babban matakai a yanayi, wanda ba zasu tafi tare da kwayoyin a cikin tambaya:

1. Tseren keke na al'amarin. Ciki har da abubuwa (nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, da baƙin ƙarfe).
2. Ƙasa samuwar.
3. Bazuwar kwayoyin sharan.

Saboda haka, kwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayi wasa mai matukar muhimmancin rawar, kasancewa a kusa da hadin gwiwa tare da duk sauran halittu masu rai.