Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet rushewarta? Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet aka tare da wani tsari na Lalacewar tsarin a cikin tattalin arziki hadaddun, ginin zamantakewa, siyasa da kuma zamantakewa duniyoyin kasar. Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet rushe, da 15 jamhuriyoyin sami 'yancin kanta. Wannan tsari ne tare da wani "farati na sovereignties". M. S. Gorbachev (Sakatare Janar na da CPSU kwamitin tsakiya) ya sanar da karewa na aiki a kan post. Ya bayyana ya yanke shawara "manufofin sharudda". Jamhuriyoyin, da majalisar soma wani bayyanawa. Wannan daftarin aiki a hukumance da'awar ƙarshe na zama na Tarayyar Soviet (1991, Disamba 26).

A dalilan rushewar

Har yanzu, masana tarihi ba zai iya zo da wani yarjejeniya game da abin da daidai jawo wannan tsari zai yiwu su hana wani mawuyacin halin da ake ciki da kuma ciki lalata kasar. A cikin shekaru na Tarayyar Soviet shi ne rayayye ƙasƙanci daga hukumomi, da kuma lura da ban mamaki tsufa na manyan jami'an naúrar. Ya kamata a ce cewa talakawan shekaru mutane a cikin Politburo, ta 80 ga watan shekara ya 75 lita. Na farko, shi ya haifar da "zamanin jana'izar." Sa'an nan, mafi girma naúrar Gorbachev shiga. Mikhail Gorbachev ya zama da sauri samun ikon da yada da tasiri saboda mun gwada matasa shekaru sa'an nan. A lokacin da ya zaben a matsayin Sakatare Janar na biyar ya kasance 54. A cikin shekaru na Tarayyar Soviet alama wani na kwarai monocentrism yin wani yanke shawara. Wannan dama yana da kawai "tarayya cibiyar" - Moscow. A mafi yawan lokuta, wannan ya kai ga asarar lokaci da kuma m aiwatar da gida mafita. Haka kuma, wannan halin da ake ciki ya kai ga kaifi zargi a yankuna. Wasu marubuta yi imani da cewa tuki da karfi ya zama nationalistic nufi da cewa sun faru a cikin kasar. Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet rushe, kabilanci rikice-rikice sun peaked. Mutane daya-daya al'ummai tantama bayyana su da niyyar samar da nasu tattalin arzikin da al'adu. Daga cikin dalilan da rushewar kiran da m shugabanci. Shugabannin jamhuriyoyin nemi ya rabu da mu da iko ya fito daga gwamnatin tsakiya, da kuma yin amfani da sake fasalin mulkin demokra] iyya da cewa Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich miƙa. Tare da su aka kamata ya hallaka hadade jihar tsarin na rarraba jama'a.

tattalin arziki da rashin zaman lafiya

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet karkashin Gorbachev, kamar yadda, lalle ne, da kuma kafin shi, alama disparities a m tsarin tattalin arziki. Wannan sa a cikin:

1. Dindindin karancin mabukaci kaya.
2. A kara fasaha ci baya a duk duniyoyin da masana'antu.

Kwanan shi yiwuwa a rama kawai quite m janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a da sunadaran. A shekarar 1987, wani hadadden da matakan da aka soma. Yana da aka kira da "Hanzari". Duk da haka, da su aiwatar da shi a aikace ya kasance ba zai yiwu ba, saboda da rashin tattalin arziki damar.

gwada yawa shirin

Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet rushe, amana a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da ke cikin mawuyacin hali. A 1960-70. babban Hanyar gwagwarmaya da rashin mabukaci kayayyakin karkashin yanayi na shirya tattalin arzikin da ya yi a kan taro kudi, low cost da kuma sauƙi na kayan. Mafi yawa daga cikin kamfanonin da ke aiki a uku canjawa. Suka samar da irin wannan kayayyakin daga albarkatun kasa na low quality. Kamar yadda kawai Hanyar for kimantawa da tasiri na kamfanonin yi yawa sharuddan. A sakamakon haka, ingancin kayayyakin kera a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya auku gunaguni ƙwarai.

m damunsu

Yana sa na yau da kullum interruptions a kayayyakin abinci. A musamman m halin da ake ciki ya kasance a zamanin stagnation da perestroika. Rashi lura a wasu kayayyakin masarufi da kuma shafe tsawon amfani (bayan gida takarda, refrigerators, da dai sauransu). A kasar ta yi tauri hani da haramci, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri a kan yanayi na talakawa. A misali na rai ne kullum kiyaye up tare da manyan kasashen yammacin Duniya. Gudanarwa ma'aikatan} o} arin kama up da kasashen waje wajen, amma a cikin wadannan tattalin arziki yanayi, sun kasance m.

Artificial jihohin ƙulli

Don da 80-th shekaru. shi ya bayyana aukacin jama'ar. A Tarayyar Soviet, wani m hanya domin bayarwa da tafiyarsu da aka gabatar don tafiya kasashen waje. Takardu da ake bukata domin tafiye-tafiye zuwa gurguzu jihar. A jihar sarrafa mafi tsanani hani akan sauraron murya na abokan gaba, shiru, da yawa abubuwa game da ciki matsalolin siyasa, hakan ingancin rayuwa a cikin wasu kasashe. A talabijin da kuma a cikin latsa yi katsalandan. An wallafa wani yawan ayyukan maras so, kuma ba a sani ba events na tarihin kasar, ya bayyana shaida na haramta na ɗaba'ar. A sakamakon haka, bi da taro harin ramuwar gayya, Novocherkassk kisan kiyashin, anti-Soviet tawaye a birnin Krasnodar.

rikicin

Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet rushe, da na kullum karancin kayayyaki ya kai ta matsakaicin. Tun shekarar 1985, Gudanarwa ma'aikatan fara gyara. A sakamakon sharply ya karu siyasa ayyuka na yawan jama'a. Sun fara da nunawa m, kasa da kuma m ciki har da kungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi. shi da aka sanar a 1898 cewa rikicin hit kasar. By 1991 th na free sayarwa bace, kusan duk kayayyakin, sai dai da gurasa. A kusan duk yankuna na rationing a cikin nau'i na takardun shaida da aka gabatar. A shekarar 1991, da mutuwa kudi wuce adadin haihuwa. Da shi shi ne na farko a hukumance rubuta alƙaluma da rikicin.

"Cold War"

A lokacin da na karshe shekaru na Tarayyar Soviet alama da aiki takobin tada zaune tsaye da ayyukan kasashen turai. Shi ne mai bangaren na "sanyi yaki." Subversion aka tare da 'jamiái' rinjayar 'a cikin hukumar mulki na'ura na kasar. Wannan ra'ayi da aka bayyana, a wasu daga cikin ƙididdiga sanya, musamman, a yawan tsofaffin shugabannin da KGB da Kwaminis motsi.

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev kokarin kiyaye dukan sojojin Tarayyar Soviet. Duk da haka, ya hana shi daga yin haka zabe May 29, 1990 for matsayin shugaban Koli RFSR Yeltsin. Rasha shi ne wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin jamhuriyar. Ta wakilci yawan da yawan na Union. A Tsakiya Hukumomi na Rasha jamhuriyar kazalika da All-Union, sun kasance a Moscow. Amma da suka kasance sunã gani a matsayin na biyu. Bayan zaben na Yeltsin RFSR fara mayar da hankali a kan shela da mulkin Union, kazalika da amincewa da 'yancin kai na sauran Union da kuma ta m jamhuriyoyin. Kamar yadda post Shugaban Armed Forces, ya kuma sanya RFSR kafa post na shugaban kasar. Yuni 12, 1991 ya lashe kuri'u. Sai ya wãyi gari shugaban farko na kasar Rasha.

da juyin mulki

Tarayyar Soviet isa mafi zurfi rikicin a duk duniyoyin rayuwa. A don taskace Union da kuma ta janye daga wannan matsayi da aka kafa ta Jihar kwamitin gaggawa. Wannan jiki wanzu daga 18 zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta 1991. The gaggawa na kwamitin hada da jami'an da kuma jihar jami'an gwamnati suka yi tsayayya da perestroika sake fasalin Kanmu da shugaban riko na kungiyar tarayyar. Mambobin kwamitin sun yi tsayayya da kasar canji a cikin wani sabon tarayya. Forces, da shugaban da yake Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, ƙi yin biyayya da kafa jiki, ya kira su anti-kundin tsarin ayyukan. Manufar juyin mulkin da aka cire Gorbachev daga shugabancin, da adana da mutuncin Tarayyar Soviet, da hana jamhuriyar ikon mallaka na. Abubuwan da suka faru cikin wadannan kwanaki, ake magana a kai a matsayin "Agusta putsch." A sakamakon juyin mulkin aiki da aka mur da kuma membobinta da aka kama.

ƙarshe

A kan aiwatar da rarrabuwa da Tarayyar Soviet a farko ya musanta, sa'an nan kuma aka hanzari gane matsalolin na Soviet al'umma. Watsu a game da mummunan sikelin da shan barasa, shan kwayoyi, karuwanci. Society aka sharply criminalized, sharply karu da inuwa tattalin arziki. Wannan zamani ne kuma alama ta wani yawan technogenic fama (nuclear hatsari, gas fashe da sauransu). A cikin kasa da kasa scene akwai kuma matsaloli. Ƙin su shiga a cikin harkokin wasu kasashe jagoranci wani m digo a cikin pro-Soviet kwaminisanci gwamnatocin a Gabashin Turai a 1989, da misali, a Poland, Leh Valensa sami ikon (tsohon shugaban na "Solidarity" kungiyar kwadago), a Czechoslovakia - Vaclav Havel (tsohon DiSSiDENT) . A Romania gurguzun shift faru tare da yin amfani da karfi. Bisa ga hukuncin da kotun, shugaban Ceausescu da matarsa aka harbe. A sakamakon haka, akwai wani auka na Soviet tsarin, halitta bayan yakin duniya na biyu.